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PDHPE > Core 2: The body in motion > Flashcards

Core 2: The body in motion Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeletal system made up of?

A

bones, joints, cartilage

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2
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Blood Cell protection
  4. Movement
  5. Mineral Storage
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3
Q

What are the different types of bones?

A

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Sesamoid

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4
Q

Examples of long bones

A

Arm: Humerus, Radius, Ulna, metacarpals, phalanges

Leg: Femur, Fibula, Tibia,
Metatarsals, phalanges

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5
Q

Examples of short bones

A

Carpals, tarsals (boxlike, wrist and ankle bones)

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6
Q

examples of flat bones

A

sternum, scapula (shoulder blade)

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7
Q

example of irregular bones

A

vertebrae, sacrum

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8
Q

example of sesamoid bone

A

patella

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9
Q

What is superior and inferior?

A

Superior (above) -towards the head (the chest is superior to the hips)
Inferior (below) -towards the feet (the foot is inferior to the leg)

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10
Q

What is anterior and posterior?

A

Anterior- towards the front (the breast is anterior to the chest wall)
Posterior- towards the back (the backbone is posterior to the heart)

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11
Q

What is proximal and distal?

A

Proximal- close to the point of attachment (shoulder is proximal to elbow)

Distal- distant from point of attachment (elbow is distal to the shoulder)

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12
Q

What is medial and lateral?

A

Medial- towards the midline of the body (the big toe is on the medial side of the foot)

Lateral- away from the midline, towards the side of the body ( the little toe is on the lateral side of the foot)

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13
Q

What are the three kinds of joints?

A

Fibrous- immovable e.g skull, pelvis
Cartilaginous- slightly moveable e.g vertebrae
Synovial- freely moveable e.g hip, shoulder

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14
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

Fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to bones.

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15
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Fibrous cords of connective tissue that connect muscles to bones

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16
Q

Synovial fluid

A

acts as a lubricant

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17
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

provides a smooth, lubricated surface for articulary bones

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18
Q

6 synovial joints
identify the function

A

(Prince Harry Glided Charles’ Saddle Bag)
Pivot- primary movement is rotation.

Hinge- Flexion & Extension. 1 axis.

Gliding- Side to side and back & forth movement.

Condyloid/Ellipsoid- 2 planes: side to side, back & forth movements.

Saddle- side to side, back & forth. No rotation.

Ball and Socket- Rotary motion in every direction within certain limits.

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19
Q

Joint actions: F&E
Description/Examples

A

Flexion- decrease the angle at a joint. E.g bending the elbow or knee

Extension-Increasing the angle at a joint.
E.g. Straightening and elbow or knee.

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20
Q

Joint actions: A&A
Description/Examples

A

Abduction- moving away from the midline of the body. “Abduct” from body.
E.g Lifting arm out to side.

Adduction- moving towards the midline of the body. “Add” to the body.
e.g Adduction of shoulder backstroke

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21
Q

Joint actions: P&S
Description/Examples

A

Pronation- Rotation of the hand so the thumb moves in towards the body (palms facing down).
E.g Wrist action in racket sports.

Supination- Rotation of the hand so the thumb moves away from the body (palms facing up) like holding ‘soup’.
E.g Wrist action in racket sports.

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22
Q

Joint actions: I&E
Description/Examples

A

Inversion- Movement of the sole of the foot towards midline.
E.g Towards big toe

Eversion- Movement of the sole of the foot away from midline.
E.g Towards little toe.

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23
Q

Joint actions: P&D
Description/Examples

A

Plantar flexion- Extension of the ankle, pointing of the toes and foot. E.g Planting toes to ground - running, jumping, kicking.

Dorsiflexion- Extension of the ankle, pointing of the toes and foot. Eg raising toes up - running, jumping, kicking.

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24
Q

What is the role of muscles?

A

The role of muscles is to contract, shorten, and lengthen to allow movement.

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25
What are the major muscles involved in movement? Upper body
Upper body muscles: Deltoid, Trapezius Bicep, Tricep Pectoral Abdominals, Latissimus Dorsi
26
What are the major muscles involved in movement? Lower body
Gluteus maximus Quadricep, Hamstring Tibialis Anterior, Gastrocnemius, Soleus
27
What is the agonist muscle?
-The prime mover, producing the movement -For example, in the upwards phase of a bicep curl the biceps brachii contracts and as a result the elbow flexes. The biceps brachii is the prime mover.
28
What is the antagonist muscle?
-The muscle that relaxes and lengthens to help allow the agonist to contract. -In order for the bicep to contract, the tricep must lengthen. Tricep is the antagonist
29
2 Types of muscle contraction
Isotonic: the muscle length changes through a range of motion or action. The 2 types are Concentric and Eccentric -change length Isometric: -(shortens or lengthens) -Muscle contracts but stays in a fixed position. -No movement produce, no change in joint angle. E.g Wall sit, plank, yoga pose. -same length
30
outline the 2 types of isotonic muscle contractions
Concentric: -Agonist prime mover -Muscle shortens during contraction, produces movement. Eccentric: -Antagonist -Muscle lengthens during the contraction, force developed.
31
What does the respiratory system do?
Transports oxygen to the cardiovascular system for distribution to the body whilst removing carbon dioxide
32
Identify structures of the respiratory system
Nasal cavity Pharynx (throat) Larynx (voice box) Trachea (windpipe) Bronchi Alveoli Lungs
33
What is the function of the pharynx?
Passage for air to the trachea
34
What is the function of the trachea?
Divides into a right and left bronchus
35
Bronchi and Alveoli
Bronchi divides into branchioles. Alveoli are the small air sacs at the end of the branchioles. The chambers where gaseous exchange occurs.
36
What is the difference between inspiration and expiration?
Inspiration- breathing in (diaphragm contracts) and lungs expand) Expiration- breathing in (diaphragm relaxes)
37
What is gas exchange?
The process of getting oxygen to our body cells and carbon dioxide out of the body’s cells.
38
What is tidal volume?
How much air is inhaled and exhaled in one breath.
39
Functions of the Circulatory System
Transports nutrients, blood, hormones and waste products around the body.
40
Components of blood?
Red blood cells White blood cells Plasma Platelets
41
The circulatory system consists of?
* Heart * Blood * Blood vessels
42
The heart structure and (chambers) function
*The heart is a pump consisting of 4 chambers. *The right chambers receive blood from the body and pump it to the lungs. *The left chamber receives blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.
43
What do red blood cells do?
Carrying oxygen and CO2 around the body. Contain oxygen carrying haemoglobin
44
The main functions of blood include?
Transportation Regulation Protection
45
What do White blood cells do?
Combat infection and inflammation.
46
What is plasma?
The liquid component of blood. Transports nutrients, proteins, hormones & waste
47
Function of platelets?
Clot blood to prevent blood loss
48
Types of blood vessels
Veins Arteries Capillaries
49
What are arteries?
-Carry blood away from the heart to the tissues of the body -Thick elastic walls
50
What are veins?
-Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart -Thinner less elastic walls
51
What are capillaries?
-Very small networks of vessels -Thin walls for diffusion of gas exchange -Connect arteries to veins
52
What are the 2 types of circulation?
Pulmonary circulation is the flow of the blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. Systematic circulation is the flow of blood from the heart to the body tissues and back to the heart.
53
What is blood pressure?
Amount of pressure exerted on the walls of arteries during contraction.
54
What is systolic blood pressure?
-The amount of pressure in your arteries during the contraction of your heart. -Reading taken at peak pressue
55
What is diastolic blood pressure?
Pressure when the heart is between beats. -Reading taken during relaxation of heart.
56
What are the health related components of physical fitness?
Cardiorespiratory endurance Muscular endurance Muscular strength Flexibility Body composition
57
Cardiorespiratory endurance | Example of test and relationship to movement efficiency
Cardiorespiratory endurance- *ability of active muscles to use the oxygen thats breathed in during exercise *Good cardiorespiratory endurance helps to improve movement efficiently. Your body can work at higher intensities for longer without fatigue. E.g. Beep test.
58
Muscular Endurance
Muscular endurance- Ability to repeat a muscular effort for a long time without fatigue. E.g One min sit-up test
59
Muscular strength
Muscular strength- -Exert force against a resistance in a single maximal effort. -greater strength means less "effort" E.g Handgrip dynamometer test.
60
Flexibility
Flexibility- *Range of motion about a joint. *ease of joint movement. E.g Sit and reach test.
61
Body composition
Body composition- *Percentage of fat, bone muscle, organs connective tissue in a human. *people with lower percentages of fat and higher percentages of muscle are able to move for longer periods of time at a greater speed. E.g skin fold callipers
62
What are the skill related components of physical fitness?
CARBSP: * Coordination * Agility * Reaction Time * Balance * Speed * Power
63
Coordination
Ability to move 2 or more body parts under control. E.g Hand wall toss
64
Agility
The ability to change direction rapidly with minimal loss of speed or balance. E.g Illinois Agility run test
65
Reaction time
Time taken to respond to a stimulus and initiate a response. E.g Ruler drop test
66
Balance
The ability to control our centre of gravity while stationary (static balance) or moving (dynamic balance). E.g Stork Balance test
67
Speed
The ability to perform body movements quickly. E.g 50m sprint test
68
Power
-The ability to combine strength and speed in an explosive action. -greater strength means less "effort" E.g Vertical jump
69
FITT Principle
Frequency → how often Intensity → how hard Time → how long Type → sort of activity
70
Aerobic training
Aerobic training: *Requires the use of oxygen to produce the body's fuel *Low to moderate intensity *90 seconds or more *training more often *E.g. Soccer (walking, running), 1500m swim, triathalon
71
Anaerobic training
Anaerobic training: *Does not require oxygen to produce the body's fuel. *Higher intensity *Shorter *training less often *E.g., gymnastics, sprinting, javelin throw, weight lifting
72
Immediate Physiological responses to training
(Very Sassy Leos Have Cancer) Ventilation rate Stroke volume Lactate levels Heart rate Cardiac output
73
What is heart rate?
*The number of heartbeats per minute. *Calculation for Max Heart Rate = 220 - Age
74
What is the ventilation rate?
*Breaths per minute *2 phases: Inspiration Expiration *Rate and depth of breathing increases with exercise.
75
What is stroke volume?
*The amount of blood pumped in one contraction of the heart. *measured in mL per beat.
76
What is cardiac output?
*Total amount of blood pumped from the heart in 1 minute. CO = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
77
What is lactate levels?
*The amount of lactic acid in the bloodstream. *increase if activity is anaerobic/higher intensity *when oxygen is insufficient
78
Biomechanic principles: What is motion?
*Movement and path of a body. *Body may be animate (living) or inanimate (non-living).
79
Areas of motion
MALVS *Momentum *Acceleration *Linear motion *Velocity *Speed
80
3 types of motion:
*Linear - object or person moving in a straight line. *Angular - when bodies don't travel in a straight line. *General
81
Newtons 3 Laws of motion
1. Inertia (laziness) A body in rest will remain in rest. A body in motion will remain in motion. 2. Force = Mass x Acceleration 3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
82
What is speed?
The rate at which something moves.
83
What is velocity?
Velocity is an object's displacement (from original position) over time and includes *direction*.
84
What is acceleration?
Acceleration is a change in velocity
85
What is momentum?
The measure of an object's motion. * A larger object moving at the same velocity as a smaller object will have greater momentum. *Relates to force E.g rubgy forward player who is heavier, builds up his momentum as he makes his run. Momentum = Mass (Kg) X Velocity (m/s)
86
Biomechanic principles: Determinants of balance/stability
*centre of gravity *line of gravity *base of support
87
What is Centre Of Gravity?
-point which all weight is evenly distributed -changing COG can enhance performance
88
What is line of gravity?
imaginary vertical line passing through the centre of gravity.- indicated gravity direction
89
What is the base of support?
imaginary area that surrounds the outside edge of the body when in contact with a surface.
90
Determinants of fluid mechanics
*Floatation, centre of buoyancy *Fluid resistance *air, water
91
Floatation, centre of buoyancy
Floating - to maintain a stationary position on the surface of water. Centre of buoyancy - centre of gravity displaced by a floating object
92
Fluid resistance
● Drag + lift ● Drag is a resisting force because it acts in opposition to whatever is moving through it - runs in parallel flow direction ● Drag depends on fluid density, shape, surface and size of frontal area. ● Profile drag - created by the shape and size of a body or object - causes medium to separate
93
Force is?
Force is the push or pull acting on a body.
94
○ How the body applies force
● As increase in strength/speed - muscle shortens, resulting in more power ● Speed-dominated power: Runners need to focus on rapid muscular contraction while controlling
95
○ How the body absorbs force
● Forces exerted on the body - absorbed through joints (flex/bend). ● Helps prevent injury to surrounding tissue
96
○ Applying force to an object
● Quantity of force applied to object is important ● If mass of an object is increased, more force is needed to move the object the same distance. E.g if football becomes heavier as a result of wet conditions ● Objects of greater mass require more force to move them than objects of smaller mass.
97
Examples of force being applied in sport
Players are able to apply forces to objects such as: -the ground to enable them to run faster -to a tennis racquet to enable them to hit the ball harder. In doing this, the players are confronted with opposing forces such as gravity, air resistance, and friction.

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