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PDHPE > Core 2: The body in motion > Flashcards

Core 2: The body in motion Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeletal system made up of?

A

bones, joints, cartilage

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2
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Blood Cell protection
  4. Movement
  5. Mineral Storage
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3
Q

What are the different types of bones?

A

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Sesamoid

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4
Q

Examples of long bones

A

Arm: Humerus, Radius, Ulna, metacarpals, phalanges

Leg: Femur, Fibula, Tibia,
Metatarsals, phalanges

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5
Q

Examples of short bones

A

Carpals, tarsals (boxlike, wrist and ankle bones)

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6
Q

examples of flat bones

A

sternum, scapula (shoulder blade)

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7
Q

example of irregular bones

A

vertebrae, sacrum

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8
Q

example of sesamoid bone

A

patella

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9
Q

What is superior and inferior?

A

Superior (above) -towards the head (the chest is superior to the hips)
Inferior (below) -towards the feet (the foot is inferior to the leg)

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10
Q

What is anterior and posterior?

A

Anterior- towards the front (the breast is anterior to the chest wall)
Posterior- towards the back (the backbone is posterior to the heart)

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11
Q

What is proximal and distal?

A

Proximal- close to the point of attachment (shoulder is proximal to elbow)

Distal- distant from point of attachment (elbow is distal to the shoulder)

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12
Q

What is medial and lateral?

A

Medial- towards the midline of the body (the big toe is on the medial side of the foot)

Lateral- away from the midline, towards the side of the body ( the little toe is on the lateral side of the foot)

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13
Q

What are the three kinds of joints?

A

Fibrous- immovable e.g skull, pelvis
Cartilaginous- slightly moveable e.g vertebrae
Synovial- freely moveable e.g hip, shoulder

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14
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

Fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to bones.

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15
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Fibrous cords of connective tissue that connect muscles to bones

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16
Q

Synovial fluid

A

acts as a lubricant

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17
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

provides a smooth, lubricated surface for articulary bones

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18
Q

6 synovial joints
identify the function

A

(Prince Harry Glided Charles’ Saddle Bag)
Pivot- primary movement is rotation.

Hinge- Flexion & Extension. 1 axis.

Gliding- Side to side and back & forth movement.

Condyloid/Ellipsoid- 2 planes: side to side, back & forth movements.

Saddle- side to side, back & forth. No rotation.

Ball and Socket- Rotary motion in every direction within certain limits.

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19
Q

Joint actions: F&E
Description/Examples

A

Flexion- decrease the angle at a joint. E.g bending the elbow or knee

Extension-Increasing the angle at a joint.
E.g. Straightening and elbow or knee.

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20
Q

Joint actions: A&A
Description/Examples

A

Abduction- moving away from the midline of the body. “Abduct” from body.
E.g Lifting arm out to side.

Adduction- moving towards the midline of the body. “Add” to the body.
e.g Adduction of shoulder backstroke

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21
Q

Joint actions: P&S
Description/Examples

A

Pronation- Rotation of the hand so the thumb moves in towards the body (palms facing down).
E.g Wrist action in racket sports.

Supination- Rotation of the hand so the thumb moves away from the body (palms facing up) like holding ‘soup’.
E.g Wrist action in racket sports.

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22
Q

Joint actions: I&E
Description/Examples

A

Inversion- Movement of the sole of the foot towards midline.
E.g Towards big toe

Eversion- Movement of the sole of the foot away from midline.
E.g Towards little toe.

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23
Q

Joint actions: P&D
Description/Examples

A

Plantar flexion- Extension of the ankle, pointing of the toes and foot. E.g Planting toes to ground - running, jumping, kicking.

Dorsiflexion- Extension of the ankle, pointing of the toes and foot. Eg raising toes up - running, jumping, kicking.

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24
Q

What is the role of muscles?

A

The role of muscles is to contract, shorten, and lengthen to allow movement.

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25
Q

What are the major muscles involved in movement?
Upper body

A

Upper body muscles:
Deltoid, Trapezius
Bicep, Tricep
Pectoral
Abdominals, Latissimus Dorsi

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26
Q

What are the major muscles involved in movement?
Lower body

A

Gluteus maximus
Quadricep, Hamstring
Tibialis Anterior, Gastrocnemius, Soleus

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27
Q

What is the agonist muscle?

A

-The prime mover, producing the movement

-For example, in the upwards phase of a bicep curl the biceps brachii contracts and as a result the elbow flexes.
The biceps brachii is the prime mover.

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28
Q

What is the antagonist muscle?

A

-The muscle that relaxes and lengthens to help allow the agonist to contract.

-In order for the bicep to contract, the tricep must lengthen.
Tricep is the antagonist

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29
Q

2 Types of muscle contraction

A

Isotonic: the muscle length changes through a range of motion or action. The 2 types are Concentric and Eccentric
-change length

Isometric:
-(shortens or lengthens)
-Muscle contracts but stays in a fixed position.
-No movement produce, no change in joint angle.
E.g Wall sit, plank, yoga pose.
-same length

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30
Q

outline the 2 types of isotonic muscle contractions

A

Concentric:
-Agonist prime mover
-Muscle shortens during contraction, produces movement.

Eccentric:
-Antagonist
-Muscle lengthens during the contraction, force developed.

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31
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A

Transports oxygen to the cardiovascular system for distribution to the body whilst removing carbon dioxide

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32
Q

Identify structures of the respiratory system

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx (throat)
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchi
Alveoli
Lungs

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33
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

Passage for air to the trachea

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34
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

Divides into a right and left bronchus

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35
Q

Bronchi and Alveoli

A

Bronchi divides into branchioles.
Alveoli are the small air sacs at the end of the branchioles. The chambers where gaseous exchange occurs.

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36
Q

What is the difference between inspiration and expiration?

A

Inspiration- breathing in (diaphragm contracts) and lungs expand)
Expiration- breathing in (diaphragm relaxes)

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37
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

The process of getting oxygen to our body cells and carbon dioxide out of the body’s cells.

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38
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

How much air is inhaled and exhaled in one breath.

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39
Q

Functions of the Circulatory System

A

Transports nutrients, blood, hormones and waste products around the body.

40
Q

Components of blood?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Plasma
Platelets

41
Q

The circulatory system consists of?

A
  • Heart
  • Blood
  • Blood vessels
42
Q

The heart structure and (chambers) function

A

*The heart is a pump consisting of 4 chambers.

*The right chambers receive blood from the body and pump it to the lungs.

*The left chamber receives blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.

43
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Carrying oxygen and CO2 around the body.
Contain oxygen carrying haemoglobin

44
Q

The main functions of blood include?

A

Transportation
Regulation
Protection

45
Q

What do White blood cells do?

A

Combat infection and inflammation.

46
Q

What is plasma?

A

The liquid component of blood.
Transports nutrients, proteins, hormones & waste

47
Q

Function of platelets?

A

Clot blood to prevent blood loss

48
Q

Types of blood vessels

A

Veins
Arteries
Capillaries

49
Q

What are arteries?

A

-Carry blood away from the heart to the tissues of the body
-Thick elastic walls

50
Q

What are veins?

A

-Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
-Thinner less elastic walls

51
Q

What are capillaries?

A

-Very small networks of vessels
-Thin walls for diffusion of gas exchange
-Connect arteries to veins

52
Q

What are the 2 types of circulation?

A

Pulmonary circulation is the flow of the blood from the heart to the lungs and
back to the heart.

Systematic circulation is the flow of blood from the heart to the body tissues and back to the heart.

53
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Amount of pressure exerted on the walls of arteries during contraction.

54
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

-The amount of pressure in your arteries during the contraction of your heart.

-Reading taken at peak pressue

55
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

Pressure when the heart is between beats.

-Reading taken during relaxation of heart.

56
Q

What are the health related components of physical fitness?

A

Cardiorespiratory endurance
Muscular endurance
Muscular strength
Flexibility
Body composition

57
Q

Cardiorespiratory endurance

Example of test and relationship to movement efficiency

A

Cardiorespiratory endurance-
*ability of active muscles to use the oxygen thats breathed in during exercise
*Good cardiorespiratory endurance helps to improve movement efficiently. Your body can work at higher intensities for longer without fatigue.
E.g. Beep test.

58
Q

Muscular Endurance

A

Muscular endurance-
Ability to repeat a muscular effort for a long time without fatigue.
E.g One min sit-up test

59
Q

Muscular strength

A

Muscular strength-
-Exert force against a resistance in a single maximal effort.
-greater strength means less “effort”
E.g Handgrip dynamometer test.

60
Q

Flexibility

A

Flexibility-
*Range of motion about a joint.
*ease of joint movement.
E.g Sit and reach test.

61
Q

Body composition

A

Body composition-
*Percentage of fat, bone muscle, organs connective tissue in a human.
*people with lower percentages of fat and higher percentages of muscle are able to move for longer periods of time at a greater speed.
E.g skin fold callipers

62
Q

What are the skill related components of physical fitness?

A

CARBSP:
* Coordination
* Agility
* Reaction Time
* Balance
* Speed
* Power

63
Q

Coordination

A

Ability to move 2 or more body parts under control.
E.g Hand wall toss

64
Q

Agility

A

The ability to change direction rapidly with minimal loss of speed or balance.
E.g Illinois Agility run test

65
Q

Reaction time

A

Time taken to respond to a stimulus and initiate a response.
E.g Ruler drop test

66
Q

Balance

A

The ability to control our centre of gravity while stationary (static balance) or moving (dynamic balance).
E.g Stork Balance test

67
Q

Speed

A

The ability to perform body movements quickly.
E.g 50m sprint test

68
Q

Power

A

-The ability to combine strength and speed in an explosive action.
-greater strength means less “effort”
E.g Vertical jump

69
Q

FITT Principle

A

Frequency → how often
Intensity → how hard
Time → how long
Type → sort of activity

70
Q

Aerobic training

A

Aerobic training:
*Requires the use of oxygen to produce the body’s fuel
*Low to moderate intensity
*90 seconds or more
*training more often
*E.g. Soccer (walking, running), 1500m swim, triathalon

71
Q

Anaerobic training

A

Anaerobic training:
*Does not require oxygen to produce the body’s fuel.
*Higher intensity
*Shorter
*training less often
*E.g., gymnastics, sprinting, javelin throw, weight lifting

72
Q

Immediate Physiological responses to training

A

(Very Sassy Leos Have Cancer)
Ventilation rate
Stroke volume
Lactate levels
Heart rate
Cardiac output

73
Q

What is heart rate?

A

*The number of heartbeats per minute.

*Calculation for Max Heart Rate = 220 - Age

74
Q

What is the ventilation rate?

A

*Breaths per minute

*2 phases:
Inspiration
Expiration

*Rate and depth of breathing increases with exercise.

75
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

*The amount of blood pumped in one contraction of the heart.

*measured in mL per beat.

76
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

*Total amount of blood pumped from the heart in 1 minute.

CO = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

77
Q

What is lactate levels?

A

*The amount of lactic acid in the bloodstream.

*increase if activity is anaerobic/higher intensity

*when oxygen is insufficient

78
Q

Biomechanic principles:
What is motion?

A

*Movement and path of a body.
*Body may be animate (living) or inanimate (non-living).

79
Q

Areas of motion

A

MALVS
*Momentum
*Acceleration
*Linear motion
*Velocity
*Speed

80
Q

3 types of motion:

A

*Linear - object or person moving in a straight line.
*Angular - when bodies don’t travel in a straight line.
*General

81
Q

Newtons 3 Laws of motion

A
  1. Inertia (laziness) A body in rest will remain in rest. A body in motion will remain in motion.
  2. Force = Mass x Acceleration
  3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
82
Q

What is speed?

A

The rate at which something moves.

83
Q

What is velocity?

A

Velocity is an object’s displacement (from original position) over time and includes direction.

84
Q

What is acceleration?

A

Acceleration is a change in velocity

85
Q

What is momentum?

A

The measure of an object’s motion.

  • A larger object moving at the same velocity as a smaller object will have greater momentum.
    *Relates to force

E.g rubgy forward player who is heavier, builds up his momentum as he makes his run.

Momentum = Mass (Kg) X Velocity (m/s)

86
Q

Biomechanic principles:
Determinants of balance/stability

A

*centre of gravity
*line of gravity
*base of support

87
Q

What is Centre Of Gravity?

A

-point which all weight is evenly distributed
-changing COG can enhance performance

88
Q

What is line of gravity?

A

imaginary vertical line passing through the centre of gravity.- indicated gravity direction

89
Q

What is the base of support?

A

imaginary area that surrounds the outside edge of the body when in contact with a surface.

90
Q

Determinants of fluid mechanics

A

*Floatation, centre of buoyancy
*Fluid resistance

*air, water

91
Q

Floatation, centre of buoyancy

A

Floating - to maintain a stationary position on the surface of water.

Centre of buoyancy - centre of gravity displaced by a floating object

92
Q

Fluid resistance

A

● Drag + lift
● Drag is a resisting force because it acts in opposition to whatever is moving through it - runs in parallel flow direction
● Drag depends on fluid density, shape, surface and size of frontal area.
● Profile drag - created by the shape and size of a body or object - causes medium to separate

93
Q

Force is?

A

Force is the push or pull acting on a body.

94
Q

○ How the body applies force

A

● As increase in strength/speed - muscle shortens, resulting in more power
● Speed-dominated power: Runners need to focus on rapid muscular contraction while controlling

95
Q

○ How the body absorbs force

A

● Forces exerted on the body - absorbed through joints (flex/bend).
● Helps prevent injury to surrounding tissue

96
Q

○ Applying force to an object

A

● Quantity of force applied to object is important
● If mass of an object is increased, more force is needed to move the object the same
distance. E.g if football becomes heavier as a result of wet conditions
● Objects of greater mass require more force to move them than objects of smaller mass.

97
Q

Examples of force being applied in sport

A

Players are able to apply forces to objects such as:
-the ground to enable them to run faster
-to a tennis racquet to enable them to hit the ball harder.

In doing this, the players are confronted with opposing forces such as gravity, air resistance, and friction.

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