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Biology > Module 3: Exchange and Transport > Flashcards

Module 3: Exchange and Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

How do single-called and small organisms use diffusion?

A

They use diffusion to exchange materials across their cell surface membranes

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2
Q

Definition of diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from a region of high to low concentration

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3
Q

Why is the exchange surface in small organisms adequate to exchange materials by diffusion?

A

Because they have a large surface area to volume ratio

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4
Q

What does diffusion distance depend on?

A

Thickness of the cell surface membrane

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5
Q

Why is diffusion insufficient to supply requirements to large multicellular organisms

A

Because larger organisms have a lower SA:Volume ratio

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6
Q

What does large SA:volume ratio mean?

A

It means that the organism has a lower amount of surface in contact with the external environment in relation to its volume

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7
Q

Why do larger organisms have a greater demand for materials?

A

Larger organisms produce greater amounts of toxic waste and heat

(Due to large number of cells undergoing metabolism)

Waste needs removing quickly

(Heat must be dissipated to prevent the denaturing of enzymes)

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8
Q

Exchange surfaces in large multicellular organisms

A

Intestine - for absorption of digested nutrients

Alveoli - in lungs for gas exchange

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9
Q

Example of a transport system in a large multicellular organism

A

Circulatory system

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10
Q

How would an exchange surface increase efficiency??

A

Use of active transport

Bulk transport

Facilitated diffusion

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11
Q

Advantages of having a large surface area

A

Provides more space for molecules to pass through

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12
Q

How is surface area increased

A

Folds in walls and membranes

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13
Q

What is the purpose of a thin barrier?

A

Reduces diffusion distance

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14
Q

What is the purpose of having a fresh supply of molecules on one side?

A

Maintain concentration gradient

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15
Q

In the nose, when air is breathed in it is:

A

Warmed

Moistened

Filtered

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16
Q

What other structures must air pass through?

A

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Ends up in air sacs/alveoli

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17
Q

Why will a large multicellular organism need the most highly developed transport system?

A
  • has many cell layers

* larger organisms so there is a larger diffusiosn distanc

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18
Q

Position of the lungs

A

Situated in the thorax

Surrounded by the ribcage

Each lung is covered by pleural membrane

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19
Q

Pleural membrane

A

Secretes a lubricating fluid

Allows lungs to inflate/deflate without rubbing up against the inner walls of the ribcage

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20
Q

Appearance of the muscular diaphragm

A

Normally domed

Muscular contraction flattens it

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21
Q

Alveoli in the mammalian lung

A

Covered in a thin film of moisture

Gases dissolve in the alveoli before diffusing through the alveolar wall

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22
Q

What does the blood flow do

A

Brings CO2 rich blood

Removed oxygenated blood

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23
Q

Trachea - smooth muscle

A

Contracts and relax to allow diameter of airways to be controlled

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24
Q

What happens to the airways when the smooth muscle relaxes??

A

During exercise the muscles relax which makes the airways wider

This reduces resistance to air flow and ventilation

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25
Q

What happens to the airways when the smooth muscles contracts??

A

The smooth muscles contracts which narrows the airways when challenged with foreign material to protect airways and alveoli

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26
Q

Trachea - elastic fibres

A

Stretch to allow expansion during inhalation and recoil during exhalation

Prevents over expansion

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27
Q

Trachea - c-shaped rings and cartilage

A

Provide structural support

Prevent collapse of airway during inhalation

Allows flexibility during movement without narrowing of airways

Allows oesophagus to expand during swallowing

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28
Q

What is the inside surface of the trachea named??

A

The epithelial lining

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29
Q

What does the epithelial lining consist of?

A

Goblet mucus cells

Ciliated epithelium

Loose tissue

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30
Q

Function of the goblet mucus cells

A

Secrete mucus

Traps particles

Reduce risk of infection and inflammation

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31
Q

Ciliated epithelium

A

Cilia beat in a synchronised pattern

Wafts mucus (with particles) towards the throat

Mucus is then swallowed

Prevents infection

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32
Q

Loose tissue

A

Inside surface of cartilage

  • glandular tissue
  • connective tissue
  • elastic fibres
  • smooth muscles and blood vessels
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33
Q

Bronchi

A

Two narrower branches arising from the trachea

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34
Q

What is the protective function of the bronchi?

A

Allows material entering the airways by accident to be directed into the right side, keeping the left functional

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35
Q

Difference between the left and right bronchi

A

The right bronchi is more vertical and wider than the left

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36
Q

Cartilage in bronchi

A

Cartilage in the bronchi is similar to the cartilage in the trachea

The cartilage provides mechanical strength and prevents collapse

Cartilage is less regular

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37
Q

Bronchioles

A

Branches arising from the bronchi

Much narrower than the bronchi

Contain cartilage in the larger bronchioles

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38
Q

What are the bronchioles made from?

A

Mainly smooth muscle and elastic fibres

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39
Q

What is the significant difference between terminal bronchioles and bronchioles

A

Terminal bronchioles have clusters of alveoli at their ends, where gas exchange takes place

Cilia are not present in terminal bronchioles

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40
Q

Capillaries in the lungs

A

Close contact with alveolar wall

1 cell thick (short diffusion distance)

Narrow - allows close contact with capillary wall

Large surface area

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41
Q

How is diffusion gradient maintained?

A

Diffusion gradient is maintained by rhythmic ventilation

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42
Q

Description of simple squamous epithelium

A

Single layer of flattened cells

Disc shaped central nuclei

Sparse cytoplasm

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43
Q

Function of the simple squamous epithelium

A

Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important

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44
Q

Location of the simple squamous epithelium

A

Air sacs of the lungs

Lining of the heart

Blood vessels

Lymphatic vessels

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45
Q

Features of a bronchiole-

Alveolus wall

A

Thin - single cell thick

Squamous epithelium

Reduces diffusion distance

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46
Q

Features of a bronchiole-

Bronchiole wall

A

Ciliated epithelium - cilia move mucus upwards

Goblet cells - secrete mucus

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47
Q

Features of a bronchiole -

Blood capillary

A

Close to alveoli

Thin - single cell thick

Squamous epithelium

Reduces diffusion distance

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48
Q

Features of a bronchiole -

Pulmonary vein

A

Carries oxygenated blood to heart

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49
Q

Sometimes contraction of the smooth muscle leads to difficulty in breathing

What can be used to alleviate symptoms??

A

Bronchodilators

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50
Q

Function of elastic fibres in the lung

A

In the lungs elastic fibres aid recoil of lung tissue during exhalation

51
Q

Phagocytic cells

Where are they found??

What is their purpose??

A

Mostly in alveoli

Defence

52
Q

Mechanism of breathing

A

Movement of he ribcage and diaphragm ventilate the lungs

53
Q

Inspiration (inhalation)

A

Brings fresh supplies of O2 to maintain the O3 concentration gradient

54
Q

Expiration

A

Removes waste air CO2 to maintain the CO2 gradient

55
Q

Breathing in

A

Chest expands

Ribs move up and out

Diaphragm flattens and contracts

56
Q

Breathing out

A

Chest contracts

Ribs move in and down

Diaphragm relaxes

57
Q

Inspiration (active process)

A

External intercostal muscles contract

Pulling the ribcage upwards and outwards

Diaphragm contracts - pulling it from a domed to flattened shape

58
Q

Combined effect of inspiration

A

Volume of lungs and thorax increase

Pressure is reduced

Air enters, goes down the pressure gradient

59
Q

Expiration (active process)

A

External intercostal muscles relax, ribcage falls under its own weight

Diaphragm relaxes and gut pressure pushes it back into its domed shape

Elastic recoil of lung tissue

60
Q

Combined effect of expiration

A

Volume of thorax and lungs decrease

Pressure is increased

Air is forced out

61
Q

Expiration (forced)

A

Internal intercostal muscles contract, pulling the ribcage down and in

Abdominal muscles contracts pushing the diaphragm upwards

62
Q

Combined effect of forced expiration

A

Volume of thorax and lungs decrease

Pressure is increased

Air is forced out

63
Q

Examples of activities where forced expiration may be used

A

Exercise

Singing

Playing an instrument

64
Q

Spirometer traces

A

When inspiring the trace will dip down

When expiring the trace will climb up

65
Q

Tidal volume

A

Amount of air moving in/out of the lungs breathing at rest

66
Q

Inspiration reserve volume

A

How much extra air you can breathe during forced inspiration

67
Q

Exploratory reserve volume

A

How much extra air you can breathe out during forced expiration

68
Q

Residual volume

A

Volume remaining in lungs even after maximum expiration

69
Q

Vital capacity

A

Largest possible volume change in the lungs

70
Q

How is CO2 removed from a spirometer

A

Soda lime absorbs co2

71
Q

Why does the gas volume of a spirometer decrease?

A

When breathing, we are using up oxygen from the tank

Meanwhile carbon dioxide is absorbed by the soda lime when we breathe out

72
Q

Role of the cartilage

A

Keep trachea and bronchi open

Prevent collapse under low pressure

C-shaped to allow expansion of oesophagus

73
Q

Role of the goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus

Mucus trap pathogens, reduces risk of lung infections

74
Q

Role of ciliated epithelial cells

A

Function of moving particles over epithelial surface

Move trapped particles up to throat

75
Q

Role of the smooth muscle

A

Allows lumen to constrict by contracting

76
Q

Role of elastic tissue

A

When breathing in, the fibres stretch to allow alveoli and airways to expand

When breathing out, they recoil helping to reduce the volume of alveoli and expel air from lungs

Prevent the alveoli from bursting

77
Q

Role of blood vessels

A

Deliver co2 to alveoli for exhaling, remove o2 from alveoli and deliver to tissues

Maintain concentration gradient for diffusion

Short diffusion distance

78
Q

Role of squamous epithelial cells

A

In alveoli allow oxygen from the air to enter the blood in the capillaries of the lung

Provide thin surface for gaseous exchange

79
Q

What are air sacs in the lungs??

A

Alveoli

80
Q

Why are there many air sacs in the lungs??

A

Many alveoli are needed as they have a large surface area

There is a gaseous exchange between the air sacs and surrounding capillary blood vessels

81
Q

What is the type of epithelium in the walls of the air sacs

A

Squamous epithelium

82
Q

Role of elastic fibres in air sacs during ventilation

A

Return air sacs to original shape or size

Prevent bursting

83
Q

Why does refreshing the air in the air sacs help to maintain a steep diffusion gradient

A

Refreshing the air in the air sacs increases the concentration of oxygen

Higher concentration of O2 than in the blood

Volume of CO2 decreases so concentration of co2 is lower than in the blood

84
Q

Describe how the appearance of lungs of a person with emphysema would differ from the lung tissue of a person with no medical disorder

A

Less alveoli sacs because they would have burst

85
Q

One symptom that would help a doctor diagnose emphysema

A

Shortness of breath

86
Q

Two different ways fish can ventilate

A

Passively

Actively

87
Q

Passive ventilation in fish

A

Fish swims forward with mouth open

Fish points mouth upstream

88
Q

Active ventilation in fish

A

Mouth opens and operculum closes

Buccal floor lowers - buccal cavity volume increases ( as the volume increases, pressure decreases, water flows in )

Mouth closes

Buccal floor raises so the pressure increases

Operculum opens so the water is pushed out through the gills

89
Q

Which type of fish ventilate actively

A

Bony fish

90
Q

Ventilation in cartilaginous fish

A

Rely on continual movement to ventilate gills

91
Q

Process of ventilation in cartilaginous fish

A

Gas exchange occurs in the gills
Gills supported by a gill bar

Gill bars are made of bone or cartilage
Each gill has 2 rows of filaments

Each filament are covered with folds called lamellae which is where the gas exchange occurs

92
Q

What is the space between the gill bars called??

A

Gill slits

93
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the gills

A

In the lamellae

94
Q

What is the distance between the water and blood cells in the lamellae

A

5 um

95
Q

What prevents lamellae from collapsing

A

Water

96
Q

What is the distance between 2 lamellae

A

50 um

97
Q

What maximises diffusion in gills??

A

Extensive network of blood capillaries

98
Q

What essential characteristics of an efficient exchange surface do gills have??

A

Large SA

Rich blood supply (maintain conc gradient)

Thin layers reduce distance for diffusion

Tips of gill filaments overlap

Countercurrent exchange system

99
Q

What is counter current exchange??

A

Water moving over the gills moves in an opposite direction to blood flow

Maintains steep concentration gradient across the gill

100
Q

Why can fish not survive out of water??

A

When out of the water

Gill bars cannot float (no water present)

Collapses and fish suffocates

101
Q

Why will sharks drown if they stop moving??

A

Because the steady flow of oxygen will stop passing over the gills

102
Q

Why do insects have a separate tracheal system??

A

They are active and require a good supply of oxygen

Supplies air to all of the respiring tissues directly

103
Q

Role of tracheal fluid in insects tracheal system

A

Tracheal fluid is drawn into the insects body when the tissue is very active in order to increase the surface area of the tracheal wall exposed to air

104
Q

Which organisms rely on the diffusion of gases across their outer membrane??

A

Simple organisms

Eg amoeba, jellyfish

105
Q

Adaptions of simple organisms using diffusion of gases across their membranes as ventilation

A

Membranes are moist and permeable to gases

Diffusion distance is short

Oxygen need is low

106
Q

Gas exchange in flatworms

A

Exchange gases exclusively through diffusion through their body surface

All cells in the flatworm are localised relatively near to the exterior as gases diffuse cell by cell

107
Q

Gas exchange in earthworms

A

Earth worms have a series of thin-walled blood vessels known as capillaries

Gas exchange occurs at capillaries located throughout the body as well as those in the respiratory surface

108
Q

Adaptations of earthworms to allow efficient gas exchange

A

Cells on surface for gas exchange

Live in moist conditions to prevent water loss

Slimy covering to reduce evaporation

109
Q

What type of circulatory system do insects have??

A

Open circulatory system

110
Q

What are the pores in which air enters an insects tracheal system??

A

Spiracle

111
Q

How does air travel through the tracheal system of an insect??

A

Air enters system through spiracles

Air transported into the body via tracheae (series of tubes)

Divide into smaller and smaller tubes called tracheoles

Ends of tracheoles are open and filled with tracheal fluid

When tissues are active tracheal fluid is withdrawn into body fluid

Increases SA of tracheoles wall exposed to air

112
Q

Parallel system

A

Blood in the gills and water flowing over the gills travel in the same direction

Gives initial steep o2 concentration gradient between blood and water

Diffusion occurs until oxygen conc of blood and water reach equilibrium

113
Q

Double pump system

A

Elaborate system of passing water over gills while fish stays stationary

114
Q

spiracles

A

Opening on the body

Lets air diffuse in and out

115
Q

valves

A

Used for opening/closing spiracles

116
Q

tracheae

A

Series of large tubes held open by rings of cartilage through which air passes

117
Q

Tracheoles

A

Smaller branched tubes that air passes through

Ending in the muscle of an insect

118
Q

Air sacs

A

Pumping air in and out of the tracheal system in very active insects

119
Q

What effect do body movements or contractions have on an insect’s gas exchange

A

Speed up the rate of diffusion of gases from tracheoles into body cells

120
Q

Explain using the term surface area to volume ratio why large, active organisms need a specialised surface for gas exchange

A

Large organisms cannot rely on diffusion for gaseous exchange because the surface area to volume ratio is very small

Larger organisms also has a higher demand for o2

121
Q

Outline how diaphragm and intercostal muscles cause inspiration

A

External intercostal muscles contract

Pulls ribcage upwards and outwards

Diaphragm contracts which pulls it from domed shape to flattened shape

Volume of both lungs and thorax increase

Pressure is reduced and air enters

122
Q

2 ways in which a spirometer trace recorded while a person took strenuous exercise would differ from a trace of a person at rest

A

Larger tidal volume due to heavier breathing

Breaths would be more frequent

123
Q

Why can a spirometer not measure the total volume of the lungs??

A

Always a small amount of air in the lungs that does not leave the lungs

Residual volume

124
Q

How do cells lining the bronchus protect the alveoli from damage

A

Goblet mucus cells secrete mucus which traps particles

Ciliated epithelium cell’s have cilia which beat in a synchronised pattern to waft the mucus away from the throat

Biology (7 decks)

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