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Biology > Module 2: Foundations In Biology - Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Module 2: Foundations In Biology - Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In a protein, what are the 4 main elements??

A

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

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2
Q

How many different types of amino acids are there??

A

20

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3
Q

What is the smallest amino acid??

A

Glycine

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4
Q

What is the R group of Glycine??

A

Hydrogen

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5
Q

What is the R group of Cysteine

A

CH2-SH

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6
Q

What does an R group determine??

A

Determines properties and bonds that the amino acids form

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7
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water repellent

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8
Q

Hydrophyllic

A

Water loving

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9
Q

Peptide bonding

A

Two amino acids joined in a condensation reaction

The bond between them is a peptide bond

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10
Q

What is a peptide bond formed between??

A

Amino acids

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11
Q

What is the resulting compound of peptide bonding??

A

A dipeptide

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12
Q

In peptide bonding when do the amino acids join??

A

Amino acids join when the amine and carboxylic acid groups connected to the central carbon atom react

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13
Q

What happens to the hydroxyl in the carboxylic acid group during peptide bonding??

A

The hydroxyl in the carboxylic acid group of one amino acid reacts with a hydrogen in the amine group of another amino acid

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14
Q

When is a polypeptide formed??

A

When many amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds

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15
Q

When a polypeptide is formed what is the reaction catalysed by??

A

Catalysed by the enzyme peptidyl transferase

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16
Q

Where can the enzyme peptidyl transferase be found??

A

In ribosomes

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17
Q

What is the structure of proteins??

A

Proteins consist of one or more polypeptides arranged as complex macromolecules

All proteins contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

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18
Q

What do many bonds lead to (structure of proteins))

A

Different types of bonds are formed and these bonds lead to the formation of long chain amino acids
These long chain amino acids fold into complex structures

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19
Q

What is the effect of having different sequences of amino acids??

A

Leads to different structures with different shapes being produced

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20
Q

Why are shape specific proteins important??

A

Because the specific shapes of proteins are vital for the many functions proteins have within organisms

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21
Q

Primary protein structure

A

A sequence chain of amino acids

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22
Q

Which bonds are present in the primary protein structure??

A

Peptide bonds

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23
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern

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24
Q

Which bonds are present in the secondary protein structure??

A

Hydrogen bonds

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25
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

Three dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

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26
Q

What bonds are present in the tertiary protein structure??

A

Hydrogen bonds

Ionic bonds

Disulfide bonds

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27
Q

In cysteine what are disulfide bonds formed between??

A

Formed between two sulphurs

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28
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

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29
Q

Which bonds formed in the quaternary protein structure??

A

Hydrogen bonds

Ionic bonds

Disulfide bonds

Hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions

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30
Q

If the order of amino acids change what happens to the primary structure of the protein??

A

Primary structure changes

Gives a different function

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31
Q

Where will the bonds be to maintain the quaternary structure??

A

Between polypeptide chains

Hydrophilic interactions in the middle of the structure

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32
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Form between positively and negatively charged groups

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33
Q

How can ionic bonds be broken??

A

By high temperature or a change in ph

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34
Q

What are Disulphide bridges/bonds formed between??

A

Form between two cysteine amino acids

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35
Q

Disulphide bonds/bridges

A

Involves sharing electrons so is a covalent bond

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36
Q

Properties of a Disulphide bridge/bond

A

Strong bond, not broken by an increase in temperature or change in pH

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37
Q

Why do hydrophobic amino acids repel water??

A

They have non polar R groups

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38
Q

Which way will hydrophobic amino acids face??

A

Face into cytoplasm or tissue fluid

So will face inwards

Interact and cluster

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39
Q

Why do hydrophilic amino acids love water??

A

Because they have polar R groups

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40
Q

Which way will hydrophilic amino acids face??

A

Will face outwards into the tissue fluid or cytoplasm

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41
Q

What do hydrogen bonds form between??

A

Form between an electropositive H+ atom and an electronegative O- atom

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42
Q

How can hydrogen bonds be broken??

A

Can be broken by a high temperature or change in pH

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43
Q

Structure of a globular protein

A

Protein curls into a ball

Hydrophobic R face in
Hydrophilic R face out

Soluble

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44
Q

Structure of a fibrous protein

A

Proteins form long strands

Insoluble

Very tough

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45
Q

Catalytic example of a globular protein

A

Enzymes such as amylase and lipase

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46
Q

Regulatory example of a globular protein

A

Hormones such as insulin

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47
Q

Transport example of a globular protein

A

Haemoglobin

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48
Q

Protective example of a globular protein

A

Antibodies

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49
Q

Structural example of a fibrous protein

A

Collagen

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50
Q

Structural example of a contractile protein

A

Actin, myosin

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51
Q

What is a prosthetic group??

A

A prosthetic group is a non-protein part which is permanently bound to the protein and is essential for its purpose

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52
Q

Structure of haemoglobin (globular protein)

A

2 identical chains called alpha chains

2 identical but different chains called beta chains

Chains packed closely together

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53
Q

Problems with haemoglobin - sickle cell anaemia

A

Single point mutation recessive disease

In a beta chain, causes amino acid substitution polar for valine

6th amino acid in chain

54
Q

What are simple proteins

A

Simple proteins only contain amino acids in their structure

55
Q

What are conjugated proteins

A

Conjugated proteins contain amino acids plus some other type of chemical molecule

56
Q

Structural proteins: collagen

A

Found as strong non-elastic white fibres in tendons, cartilage and bone

57
Q

Structural proteins - elastin

A

Found as yellow elastic fibres in ligaments and joint capsules

58
Q

Structural proteins - keratin

A

Found as an impermeable protein in skin, hair, feathers, nails and hooves

59
Q

What type of protein is haemoglobin

A

Globular

60
Q

What type of protein is catalase

A

Globular

61
Q

What type of protein is insulin

A

Globular

62
Q

What type of protein is collagen

A

Fibrous

63
Q

What type of protein is keratin

A

Fibrous

64
Q

What type of protein is elastin

A

Fibrous

65
Q

What is the shape of haemoglobin

A

Ball shape

66
Q

What is the shape of catalase

A

Ball shape

67
Q

What is the shape of insulin

A

Ball shape

68
Q

What is the shape of the collagen

A

Strand shape

69
Q

What is the shape of keratin

A

Strand shape

70
Q

What is the shape of elastin

A

Strand shape

71
Q

Number of polypeptide chains in haemoglobin

A

4

72
Q

Number of polypeptide chains in catalase

A

4

73
Q

Number of polypeptide chains in insulin

A

2

74
Q

Number of polypeptide chains in collagen

A

3

75
Q

Number of polypeptide chains in keratin

A

4

76
Q

Number of polypeptide chains in elastin

A

Many

77
Q

Is haemoglobin soluble or insoluble

A

Soluble

78
Q

Is catalase soluble or insoluble

A

Soluble

79
Q

Is insulin soluble or insoluble

A

Soluble

80
Q

Is collagen soluble or insoluble??

A

Insoluble

81
Q

Is keratin soluble or insoluble

A

Insoluble

82
Q

Is elastin soluble or insoluble

A

Insoluble

83
Q

Amino acid structure in haemoglobin

A

2 alpha chains

2 beta chains

84
Q

Amino acid structure in collagen

A

Glycine every 3rd amino acid

Glycine’s r group is hydrogen only

Allows light coiling of polypeptide chains

85
Q

Amino acid structure of keratin

A

Fibrous

High proportion of cistane and Disulphide bonds

86
Q

Amino acid structure of elastin

A

Cross links are covalent bonds between elastic fibres

87
Q

Prosthetic group of haemoglobin

A

Haem - iron

88
Q

Prosthetic group of catalase

A

Haem - iron

89
Q

Prosthetic group of elastin

A

Many lysine can form covalent bonds

90
Q

Prosthetic group of insulin

A

Doesn’t have one

91
Q

Prosthetic group of collagen

A

Doesn’t have one

92
Q

Prosthetic group of keratin

A

Doesn’t have one

93
Q

Role of haemoglobin

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport

94
Q

Role of catalase

A

High conc found in liver

Involved in breaking down h2o2 into water and oxygen

95
Q

Role of insulin

A

Insulin lowers blood glucose concentration by converting glucose into glycogen

96
Q

Role of collagen

A

Present in ligaments and tendons, skin, the outer layer of blood vessels

Staggered ends to prevent weak points

97
Q

Role of keratin

A

Found in hair and nails

98
Q

Role of elastin

A

Elastic fibres in arteries, veins, arterioles, bronchioles and airways

Can stretch and relax

99
Q

Similarities between haemoglobin and catalase

A

Have a haem prosthetic group

Have a 4o structure

Are soluble

Are globular

4 polypeptide chains

Ball shaped proteins

100
Q

Which elements do carbohydrates contain??

A

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

101
Q

3 types of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharide

Disaccharide

Polysaccharide

102
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose

Fructose

Deoxyribose

103
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose

Lactose

Maltose

104
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

105
Q

Alpha glucose structure

A

Hydrogen above the ring on C1

106
Q

Beta glucose structure

A

H below the ring on C1

107
Q

Colorimeter

A

Can record absorbable or transmission

108
Q

Will a paler colour solution absorb more or less light

A

Absorb less light

Therefore more light is transmitted

109
Q

Will a darker coloured solution absorb more or less light

A

Absorb more light

Therefore less light is transmitted

110
Q

Where do you naturally find fructose

A

In fruit

111
Q

What is the structural difference between ribose and deoxyribose

A

There is an extra oxygen molecule in ribose

112
Q

What molecule is ribose found in?

A

RNA

113
Q

What molecule is deoxyribose found in??

A

DNA

114
Q

What type of bond joins 2 monosaccharides and what type of reaction is this??

A

Glycosidic bonds, condensation reaction

115
Q

What is the effect of a glycosidic bond??

A

Creates a straight chain shape

116
Q

What is a molecule of water made up of

A

2 hydrogen atoms, 1 oxygen atom which are joined by a covalent bond

117
Q

Why is water a polar molecule

A

Electrons are not evenly shared in the covalent bond

More of the electrons are pulled closer to the oxygen molecule giving it a relative delta negative charge and the hydrogens are delta positive

118
Q

What bonds are present in water molecules

A

Hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds

119
Q

Are hydrogen bonds weak or strong in water??

A

The bonds are weak

In the liquid form water molecules move around and break and reform hydrogen bonds

120
Q

Thermal stability of water - what happens with lower temperatures of water

A

With lower temperatures water molecules have less kinetic energy so more hydrogen bonds form and are less likely to break

121
Q

What happens when water freezes??

A

On freezing, hydrogen bonds between water molecules form a lattice like structure

This makes the water molecules more spread out

122
Q

Why does ice float

A

Because the spread out water molecules are less dense than water in its liquid form

123
Q

What are the advantages of water freezing to living organisms??

A

Insulated the water below

Organisms below the ice survive by being able to move around and obtain food and oxygen

Water currents still occur which moves nutrients

The ice also provides a surface for organisms to live on

124
Q

What is the effect of increasing water temperatures on water molecules??

A

Water molecules have more kinetic energy and move around more

125
Q

What is required for evaporation to occur??

A

Hydrogen bonds between molecules must be broken which requires a lot of energy

126
Q

What is high specific heat capacity

A

Energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by one degree Celsius

127
Q

What is latent heat of evaporation

A

Amount of energy needed to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules

128
Q

Evaporation of water from the skin is an example of what??

A

Latent heat of evaporation

129
Q

When does cohesion occur??

A

The hydrogen bonds between the molecules pulls the water together

130
Q

What is the effect of surface tension??

A

Allows organisms to walk on water eg pond skaters and flies

131
Q

Why is it important for water to be transparent

A

Allows light to penetrate through a body of water

Facilitates photosynthesis of aquatic plants and allows predators to spot prey beneath the water above and for prey to see their predator

Biology (7 decks)

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