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Biology > Module 3: Exchange And Transport 3 > Flashcards

Module 3: Exchange And Transport 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What pressure does blood move from/to

A

Blood moves from high to low pressure

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2
Q

When do valves open??

A

When pressure above is higher than the pressure below

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3
Q

What initiates atrial contraction??

A

Sinoatrial node

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4
Q

What initiates ventricular contraction

A

Atrioventricular node

Perkeine fibres

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5
Q

What is double circulation

A

Where blood flows through the heart twice for each complete circulation of the body

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6
Q

Advantage of double circulation

A

Metabolites can reach tissues faster which speeds up metabolic processes

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7
Q

How is the action of the heart initiated and coordinated (5)

A

Sino atrial node depolarises

Wave of depolarisation spreads across the atrial muscle cells

Triggers the contraction of the atria

Depolarisation passes to the atria ventricular node to the bundle of His

The purkyne cells in the bundle of His conduct the electrical signal to cells at the base of the ventricle

Enables ventricle cells to contract simultaneously

Allows atria to contract first followed by the ventricles

Heart then repolarises and both the atria and ventricle relax

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8
Q

Single circulatory system

A

Blood flows through he heart once during each circulation of the body

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9
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Blood enclosed in blood vessel

No direct contact with body cell

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10
Q

What is the likely effect on the circulatory system of a baby born with a hole in the wall between the left and right chambers of the heart

A

Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood will mix

Will be inefficient blood flow

Heart will pump faster

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11
Q

Likely effect on the circulatory system of valves not working properly

A

No mechanism of preventing backflow of blood

Blood not pumped at high enough pressure to reach all parts of body

Poor circulation

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12
Q

What type of circulatory system do insects have??

A

Open circulatory system

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13
Q

What is the circulatory system responsible for in insects?

A

Movement of nutrients, salts, hormones and metabolic wastes

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14
Q

Why does the circulatory system in insects not carry oxygen or co2

A

No oxygen carrying pigment present

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15
Q

How does blood aid thermoregulation in insects?

A

Helps to cool the body by conducting excess heat away from active flight muscles

Can warm the body by collecting and circulating heat absorbed while basking in the sun

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16
Q

What is a dorsel vessel??

A

Major structural component of an insects circulatory system

Tube runs longitudinally through the thorax and abdomen, along the inside of the dorsal body wall

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17
Q

How is the dorsel vessel divided??

A

Divided segmentally into chambers

Chambers separated by valves

Ensures one way flow of hemolymph

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18
Q

What are pulsatile organs??

A

Muscular pumps which act in conjunction with certain body movements to force hemolymph out into the extremities

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19
Q

Characteristics of the insect hemolymph

A

90% plasma

Watery fluid

Contains relatively high concentrations of amino acids, proteins, sugars and inorganic ions

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20
Q

Closed or open??

Blood flows at high pressure
Hence it is faster and more efficient system of circulation

A

Closed

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21
Q

Closed or open??

This system is present in arthropods and molluscs

A

Open

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22
Q

Closed or open??

The body tissues are in direct contact with blood

A

Open

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23
Q

Closed or open??

The body tissues are not in direct contact with the blood

A

Closed

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24
Q

Closed or open??

Suitable for animals with fast metabolism

A

Closed

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25
Q

Closed or open??

This system is present in annelids, Echinoderms and vertebrates

A

Closed

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26
Q

Closed or open??

The flow of blood is not regulated through tissues and organs

A

Open

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27
Q

Closed or open??

The flow of blood can be regulated by valves

A

Closed

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28
Q

Closed or open??

In this system, blood is pumped by the heart through large vessels into body cavities called sinuses

A

Open

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29
Q

Closed or open??

In this system, blood is pumped by the heart through a closed network of vessels

A

Closed

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30
Q

Closed or open??

Requires less energy for distributing blood

A

Open

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31
Q

Closed or open??

Blood flows at low pressure

Hence it is slower and a less efficient system of circulation

A

Open

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32
Q

Left atrium

A

Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters here via the pulmonary vein

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33
Q

Left ventricle

A

Blood passes into this chamber before being pumped out through the aorta

Blood is under high pressure so the wall is thick and muscular

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34
Q

Rich atrium

A

Deoxygenated blood in the vena cava passes into this chamber under low pressure

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35
Q

Right ventricle

A

Blood passes into this chamber before being pumped out into the pulmonary artery going to the lungs

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36
Q

Atrio ventricular valve

A

This thin bit of tissue prevents blood flowing backwards when blood underneath it exerts a high pressure causing it to stay shut

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37
Q

Semi lunar valve

A

Thin bit of tissue prevents blood flowing backwards into ventricles when they relax in the cardiac cycle

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38
Q

Septum

A

Separates the 2 sides of the heart

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39
Q

Tendinous chord

A

These insert into the ventricle wall are very tough and prevent what they are attached to from turning inside out

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40
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Cells will contain numerous mitochondria and myoglobin

Cells arranged in long columns to form a fibre

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41
Q

Coronary artery

A

1st branch of the aorta

Provides oxygenated blood to the cardiac muscle

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42
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Circuit carrying blood to and from the lungs

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43
Q

Systematic circulation

A

Circuit of blood carrying blood around the body to the tissues

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44
Q

Why don’t mammals have a single circulatory system

A

Lower blood pressure, lower heart rate, metabolites reach tissues slower, slows down metabolic processes in comparison to a double circularity system

Insufficient to meet the demands of larger organisms

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45
Q

How is the heart’s rhythmic beat maintained??

A

Certain cells of cardiac muscle are self excitable

Rhythmic contraction of the heart occurs in a coordinated manner and is not dependent on the nervous system

Rhythmic action is generated within the cardiac muscle

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46
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Specialised because cardiac cells are connected by intercalated discs

Transmit the force of contraction and allows rapid spread of depolarisation from one cell to another

Muscle cells operate as one unit

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47
Q

Depolarisation

A

When muscle fibres are excited by the electrical activity, it is depolarised

Depolarisation starts at the atrium, spreads all over the heart and ends at the apex of the heart

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48
Q

What is myocardium made up of?

A

Cardiac muscle fibres

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49
Q

Repolarisation

A

After complete depolarisation the heart muscle will be relaxed for a while

This is known as repolarisation

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50
Q

What process is depolarisation and repolarisation known as??

A

A continuous process

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51
Q

What is the function of the sinoatrial node??

A

Maintaining the heart’s pumping rhythm by setting the rate at which all cardiac muscle cells contract

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52
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node located??

A

Located in the wall of the right atrium near where the superior vena cava enters the heart

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53
Q

What does the sinoatrial node generate??

A

Generates electrical impulses

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54
Q

What impact do the sinoatrial nodes have on the walls of the atria??

A

Spread rapidly through the walls of the atria causing them to contract in unison

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55
Q

Where is the atrioventricular node found??

A

Found in the wall between the right atrium and right ventricle

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56
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular node??

A

Delays the impulse for 0.1 seconds

Allows the atria to contract and empty BEFORE the ventricles contract

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57
Q

How long does the atrioventricular node delay the impulse for??

A

0.1 seconds

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58
Q

Is the pressure of blood high or low as it enters the capillary from the artery??

A

High

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59
Q

Why is the pressure of the blood higher as it enters the capillary from the artery??

A

Because it is closer to the heart

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60
Q

How is fluid from the plasma squeezed out of the capillary??

A

Through fenestrations between cells of the capillary wall

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61
Q

Towards the end of the capillary is blood pressure lower or higher

A

Lower

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62
Q

Why is blood pressure lower as it reaches the end of the capillary

A

Because it is further from the heart

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63
Q

Why does fluid move from the tissue fluid to the capillary??

A

Because there is a higher concentration of solutes in the blood/plasma due to presence of plasma proteins

Fluid as a result moves due to osmosis

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64
Q

What is an impulse detected by in an ECG??

A

Electrodes

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65
Q

What is the hearts electrical activity (voltage) measured by??

A

Measured using an oscilloscope and forms an electrocardiogram

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66
Q

What is the systole

A

Contraction of the heart, especially the ventricles, during which blood is forced into the aorta and pulmonary artery

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67
Q

What is a diastole

A

The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the heart relaxes between contractions

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68
Q

What is an ectopic heartbeat??

A

Small changes in a heartbeat which can lead to an extra beat or skipped heartbeat

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69
Q

Is an ectopic heartbeat dangerous??

A

No

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70
Q

What are the two most common ectopic heartbeats??

A

PVC - premature ventricular contractions

PAC - premature atrial contractions

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71
Q

What does point p represent on an ECG

A

Excitation in the atria

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72
Q

What do points QRS represent on an ECG

A

Excitation in the ventricle

73
Q

What does point T represent on an ECG

A

Repolarisation

74
Q

Definition of a heartbeat

A

One complete sequence of contraction and relaxation

75
Q

3 features of blood vessels

A

Inner endothelium (tunica intima)

Middle layer (tunica media)

Outer layer (tunica externa)

76
Q

What is the Inner endothelium made up of??

A

Made up of a single layer of flat cells

77
Q

Why is the inner endothelium smooth??

A

To eliminate friction

78
Q

What does the middle layer of a blood vessel contain??

A

Smooth muscle and elastic fibres

79
Q

What does the outer layer of a blood vessel contain??

A

Elastic fibres and collagen

80
Q

What do elastic fibres allow the artery to do??

A

Allows vessels to stretch with the force of blood then return to original shape

Due to recoil of fibres

81
Q

How does collagen aid the arteries??

A

Provides tough outer layer

Helps withstand pressure

Maintains shape and volume of the vessel

82
Q

What is the role of arterioles??

A

Link the arteries and capillaries

83
Q

What are capillaries??

A

Microscopic blood vessels

84
Q

What are capillaries made of??

A

Thin layer of cells

85
Q

What is the benefit of capillaries being formed of a single layer of endothelial cells??

A

They have a short diffusion distance

86
Q

How do capillaries create a large surface area??

A

They are numerous and highly branched

87
Q

What is the diameter of the lumen of a capillary

A

7.5 um

88
Q

What is the purpose of fenestrations??

A

Allow components of the blood to escape

89
Q

How much blood do veins contain??

A

Up to 60%

90
Q

Why is blood pressure low in veins??

A

Because the cross sectional area of the capillaries is greater than that of the arteries supplying them so pressure is lost

91
Q

What is the purpose of valves in veins

A

Prevent the backflow of blood

92
Q

What size is the lumen of a vein comparatively

A

Larger than the arteries

93
Q

Which muscles are veins often found near??

A

Active skeletal muscles

94
Q

What is the purpose of veins being located near active skeletal muscles??

A

As the muscle contracts the vein is squeezed and blood is moved towards the heart

95
Q

What is the purpose of Venules??

A

Link the capillaries and the veins

96
Q

Structure of venules

A

Have thin walls

Little smooth muscle

97
Q

Do arteries contain an outer layer of collagen fibres??

A

Yes

98
Q

Do veins contain an outer layer of collagen fibres

A

Yes

99
Q

Do capillaries contain an outer layer of collagen fibres??

A

No

100
Q

What is the middle layer of elastic fibres and smooth muscle like in the artery

A

Thick

101
Q

What is the middle layer of elastic fibres and smooth muscle like in capillaries

A

Absent

102
Q

What is the middle layer of elastic fibres and smooth muscle like in veins

A

Thin

103
Q

Do arteries have an inner layer

A

Yes

104
Q

Do veins have an inner layer

A

Yes

105
Q

Do capillaries have an inner layer??

A

Yes

106
Q

Does the artery contain valves

A

No because they are strong and elastic to resist pressure changes as blood is carried at a high pressure

107
Q

Do capillaries contain valves??

A

No because here there is an exchange of materials between blood and tissue fluid

108
Q

Do veins have valves??

A

Yes because blood is at low pressure as it returns to the heart

Prevents backflow of blood

109
Q

What is present in the blood?

A 
Red blood cells
Platelets 
White blood cells
Urea 
Oxygen
Fats
Plasma proteins
Proteins
110
Q

What is present in tissue fluid??

A

Urea
Oxygen, proteins and fat (but less than in blood)
White blood cells (less than in blood)

111
Q

What is present in the lymph

A 
White blood cells but less than in blood
Urea
Oxygen 
Fats (more than in tissue fluid)
Proteins (less than in blood)
112
Q

Is blood contained in vessels

A

Yes

113
Q

Is tissue fluid contained in vessels

A

No

114
Q

Is lymph contained in vessels

A

Yes

115
Q

What is the pressure like in blood?

A

Variable

116
Q

What is the pressure like in tissue fluid??

A

Variable

117
Q

What is the pressure like in lymph

A

Low

118
Q

Where is tissue fluid found??

A

Found surrounding body cells

119
Q

Function of tissue fluid

A

Transports products and removes waste products

120
Q

How is tissue fluid formed??

A

Formed from plasma

121
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure??

A

Pressure created by a fluid

122
Q

What happens to water at the venous ends of the capillary

A

Water tends to flow back in

123
Q

What is oncotic pressure??

A

Something which raises the dilute potential compared to surrounding tissues

124
Q

What happens to remaining fluid which has been lost from the capillaries

A

Collected and returned to the blood via the lymph vessels

125
Q

What is the lymphatic system??

A

A network of tissues and organs that allow the body to rid of toxins, waste and unwanted materials

126
Q

What is lymph??

A

A clear fluid made of white blood cells and fluid from the intestines containing proteins and fats

127
Q

What cells feature in the blood??

A

Erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets

128
Q

What cells feature in tissue fluid??

A

Phagocytic white blood cells

129
Q

What cells feature in lymph

A

Lymphocytes

130
Q

Which proteins are found in blood??

A

Hormones and plasma proteins

131
Q

What proteins are found in tissue fluid??

A

Proteins secreted by body cells and some hormones

132
Q

Are fats transported in the blood??

A

Some transported as lipoproteins

133
Q

Are fats transported in tissue fluid??

A

No

134
Q

Are fats transported in lymph

A

More than in blood

Absorbed from lacteals in intestine

135
Q

Is glucose transported in the blood??

A

80-120mg per 100ml

136
Q

Is glucose transported in tissue fluid??

A

Less than blood

Absorbed by body cells

137
Q

Is glucose transported in lymph

A

Less than in blood

138
Q

Two advantages of keeping blood inside blood vessels

A

Maintain higher blood pressure

Increase the rate of flow

139
Q

Where is plasma found

A

Blood

140
Q

Where is tissue fluid

A

Found surrounding cells

141
Q

Where is lymph found

A

Vessels

142
Q

What creates the high hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end of the capillary

A

Heart beat

143
Q

Molecules that leave the plasma at the arterial end pass out due to the pressure through what structures??

A

Fenestrations

144
Q

What process do molecules leave or enter the cells from tissue fluid??

A

Diffusion or osmosis if water

145
Q

What % of tissue fluid enters the lymphatic vessel??

A

10%

146
Q

Where does lymph enter back into the blood??

A

Subclavian vein

147
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure of arterial blood?

A

High

148
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid??

A

Low

149
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure of lymph

A

Low

150
Q

Is there presence of large proteins in arterial blood

A

Yes

151
Q

Is there presence of large proteins in tissue fluid

A

No

152
Q

Is there presence of large proteins in lymph??

A

No

153
Q

Is there presence of phagocytes in arterial blood

A

Yes

154
Q

Is there presence of Phagocytes in tissue fluid??

A

Yes

155
Q

Is there presence of phagocytes in lymph??

A

Yes

156
Q

Is there presence of red blood cells in arterial blood??

A

Yes

157
Q

Is there presence of red blood cells in tissue fluid

A

No

158
Q

Is there presence of red blood cells in lymph

A

No

159
Q

How is blood in veins returned to the heart??

A

As skeletal muscles move

Squeeze veins running through them

Blood pushed through one way valves

Valves then close to present backflow

160
Q

Why is having a double circulatory system is advantageous to a mammal

A

Causes a higher blood pressure so metabolites reach tissues faster giving the mammal faster metabolic processes

161
Q

Describe to role of blood capillaries

A

Site of the transfer of oxygen and other nutrients from the blood stream to other tissues in the body

162
Q

Explain how capillaries are able to carry out their function efficiently

A

They are made up of a single layer of endothelial cells one cell thick

They have short diffusion distance

Spaces between the cells allow components of the blood to escape

Red blood cells are similar in diameter to the capillary

Large SA for exchange

163
Q

4 ways in which arteries differ in structure from veins

A
  1. Arteries have a thick middle layer of elastic fibres and smooth muscle
  2. Arteries do not contain valves wheras veins do
  3. Veins have thin walls
  4. Artery has a small lumen than the vein
164
Q

When pressure fluctuates as the blood flows along the aorta what causes the fluctuation??

A

Contraction in the systole causes an increase in blood pressure

Causes relaxation in the diastole which decreases in pressure

165
Q

State the term used to describe number of fluctuations per minute

A

Heart rate

166
Q

Describe the pressure changes in the blood as it flows through the circulatory system from the aorta to the veins

A

Pressure drops as distance from the heart increases

No fluctuations in the capillaries and veins

Blood pressure does not change in the veins

In the capillaries there is a gradual decrease in pressure

167
Q

What causes the change in pressure as blood flows from the aorta to the arteries and from arteries to capillaries

A

The total cross sectional area of the capillaries and arteries is much greater than the aorta so a large drop in pressure is seen here

168
Q

How many haemoglobin molecules in a single red blood cell??

A

270 million

169
Q

What is haemoglobin

A

A complex protein with 4 subunits

170
Q

What does the subunit of haemoglobin consist of??

A

A polypeptide chain and a haem group

171
Q

What is the haem group of haemoglobin

A

Contains a single ion in the form of Fe2+

172
Q

How many oxygen molecules can one haem group of haemoglobin hold??

A

One

173
Q

What happens to haemoglobin when it is oxygenated??

A

Becomes oxyhaemoglobin

174
Q

What alters the ability of haemoglobin to take up and release oxygen

A

The amount of oxygen in surrounding tissues

175
Q

What is the relationship between the amount of oxygen absorbed into the liquid and the oxygen tension in the surrounding air

A

Directly proportionate

176
Q

What allows lung tissue to have a high pO2

A

Ventilation

177
Q

What happens at low pO2

A

Oxygen dissociates from oxyhaemoglobin and can diffuse into respiring cells

178
Q

What happens as pO2 rises??

A

Diffusion gradient increases and so eventually one oxygen molecule diffuses into the haemoglobin molecule and associates

179
Q

What is conformal change??

A

A change in shape of haemoglobin molecules

Biology (7 decks)

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