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Organismic Biology > Module 3 - Continuity of Animal Life > Flashcards

Module 3 - Continuity of Animal Life Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the steps of animal development?

A

Gamete Formation, Fertilization, Cleavage of Zygote, Gastrulation, Organogenesis, and Growth, Metamorphosis, & adult body plan

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2
Q

What is cleavage?

A

a process where the zygote undergoes rapid mitotic cell divisions after fertilizations

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3
Q

Cleavage - During cleavage, do the cell grow?

A

No, there is no cell growth, they only get smaller

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4
Q

Cleavage - What are the smaller cells created during cleavage called?

A

Blastomeres

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5
Q

Cleavage - What is a blastula?

A

A hollow sphere of liquid created when cleavage is complete

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6
Q

Cleavage - What are the two halves of a blastula?

A

Animal Pole and Vegetal Pole

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7
Q

Cleavage - What are the types of cleavage?

A

Holoblastic, meroblastic, radial, and spiral

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8
Q

Cleavage - What is holoblastic cleavage?

A

Complete cleavage - cleavage completely divides cytoplasm at every division

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9
Q

Cleavage - Holoblastic - How much yolk is in a isolecithal cleavage?

A

Egg has very little yolk

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10
Q

Cleavage - Holoblastic - How much yolk is in a mesolecithal cleavage?

A

Egg has a small amount of yolk at a pole (vegetal)

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11
Q

Cleavage - What is meroblastic cleavage?

A

Incomplete cleavage - cleavage does not completely divide cytoplasm of egg

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12
Q

Cleavage - Meroblastic - What is telolecithal cleavage?

A

Lots of dense yolk is in the egg and concentrated on the vegetal side

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13
Q

Cleavage - What is radial cleavage?

A

Cleavage planes parallel (or perpendicular) to vertical axis to egg

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14
Q

Cleavage - Does radial cleavage occur in protostomes, deuterostomes, or both?

A

Deuterostomes

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15
Q

Cleavage - What is spiral cleavage?

A

Breaks symmetry during division

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16
Q

Cleavage - Does spiral cleavage occur in protostomes, deuterostomes, or both?

A

Mainly protostomes

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17
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

the formation of the germ layers and gut

18
Q

Gastrulation - What is an archenteron?

A

An incomplete, two-way gut

19
Q

Gastrulation - What are the three germ layers?

A

Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

20
Q

Gastrulation - What is the layer that only exists in triploblastic organisms?

A

Mesoderm

21
Q

Gastrulation - Do diploblasts undergo gastrulation?

A

Yes

22
Q

Germ layers - What does the ectoderm form?

A

outer epidermis, brain and nervous system

23
Q

Germ layers - What does the endoderm form?

A

liver, lungs, pharynx, epithelium gut tube, epithelium respiratory tube

24
Q

Germ layers - What does the mesoderm form?

A

blood, heart, kidneys, gonads, bones, muscles, connective tissue, notochord

25
Q

Germ layers - What do germ cells form?

A

They are set aside early in embryo (sperm and eggs)

26
Q

What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

A

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

27
Q

Evo-Devo - What is evolutionary developmental biology?

A

a new field biology that compares the development between organism to understand relationships of organisms and mechanisms that create evolutionary change

28
Q

Evo-Devo - What is pattern formation? Give examples.

A

Process that results in a plant or animal with a particular structure - segmentation, affects the shape of a bird’s beak, the length of a giraffe’s neck, size of a plant’s flower

29
Q

Evo-Devo - What are segmentation genes?

A

Genes that control the number and orientation of segments in organisms like drosophila

30
Q

Evo-Devo - What are gap genes?

A

Segmentation genes that activate first and divide the embryo into regions (head, thorax, and abdomen)

31
Q

Evo-Devo - What are hox genes?

A

Homeotic genes that determine the fate of a particular segment or region of an organisms body

32
Q

Evo-Devo - How many organisms have hox genes?

A

Nearly every animal (even sponges)

33
Q

Evo-Devo - How are hox genes spread across chromosomes?

A

In clusters, lie close to one another

34
Q

Evo-Devo - If an organism has more hox genes, are they more simple or complex?

A

Complex

35
Q

Evo-Devo - What are homeotic mutations? How do they affect an organism?

A

Mutations that occur with homeotic genes (hox genes). This causes a body part of an organism to be transformed into another (an antennae becomes a leg)

36
Q

Evo-Devo - What is heterochrony?

A

Differences among species in the rate or timing of developmental events (for example, the difference in the growth rate of human skulls vs. chimpanzee skulls)

37
Q

Reproduction - What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?

A

Meiosis - division of germ cells; mitosis - division of somatic cells

38
Q

Reproduction - What are germ cells?

A

cells that form gametes

39
Q

Reproduction - What are somatic cells?

A

Non-reproductive cells

40
Q

Reproduction - What is gameotogenesis?

A

Process where mature gametes are produced

41
Q

Reproduction - What are the two types of gametogensis and what is produced?

A

Organismic Biology (3 decks)

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