Module 3 - Continuity of Animal Life Flashcards
What are the steps of animal development?
Gamete Formation, Fertilization, Cleavage of Zygote, Gastrulation, Organogenesis, and Growth, Metamorphosis, & adult body plan
What is cleavage?
a process where the zygote undergoes rapid mitotic cell divisions after fertilizations
Cleavage - During cleavage, do the cell grow?
No, there is no cell growth, they only get smaller
Cleavage - What are the smaller cells created during cleavage called?
Blastomeres
Cleavage - What is a blastula?
A hollow sphere of liquid created when cleavage is complete
Cleavage - What are the two halves of a blastula?
Animal Pole and Vegetal Pole
Cleavage - What are the types of cleavage?
Holoblastic, meroblastic, radial, and spiral
Cleavage - What is holoblastic cleavage?
Complete cleavage - cleavage completely divides cytoplasm at every division
Cleavage - Holoblastic - How much yolk is in a isolecithal cleavage?
Egg has very little yolk
Cleavage - Holoblastic - How much yolk is in a mesolecithal cleavage?
Egg has a small amount of yolk at a pole (vegetal)
Cleavage - What is meroblastic cleavage?
Incomplete cleavage - cleavage does not completely divide cytoplasm of egg
Cleavage - Meroblastic - What is telolecithal cleavage?
Lots of dense yolk is in the egg and concentrated on the vegetal side
Cleavage - What is radial cleavage?
Cleavage planes parallel (or perpendicular) to vertical axis to egg
Cleavage - Does radial cleavage occur in protostomes, deuterostomes, or both?
Deuterostomes
Cleavage - What is spiral cleavage?
Breaks symmetry during division
Cleavage - Does spiral cleavage occur in protostomes, deuterostomes, or both?
Mainly protostomes
What is gastrulation?
the formation of the germ layers and gut
Gastrulation - What is an archenteron?
An incomplete, two-way gut
Gastrulation - What are the three germ layers?
Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
Gastrulation - What is the layer that only exists in triploblastic organisms?
Mesoderm
Gastrulation - Do diploblasts undergo gastrulation?
Yes
Germ layers - What does the ectoderm form?
outer epidermis, brain and nervous system
Germ layers - What does the endoderm form?
liver, lungs, pharynx, epithelium gut tube, epithelium respiratory tube
Germ layers - What does the mesoderm form?
blood, heart, kidneys, gonads, bones, muscles, connective tissue, notochord
Germ layers - What do germ cells form?
They are set aside early in embryo (sperm and eggs)
What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?
DNA –> RNA –> Protein
Evo-Devo - What is evolutionary developmental biology?
a new field biology that compares the development between organism to understand relationships of organisms and mechanisms that create evolutionary change
Evo-Devo - What is pattern formation? Give examples.
Process that results in a plant or animal with a particular structure - segmentation, affects the shape of a bird’s beak, the length of a giraffe’s neck, size of a plant’s flower
Evo-Devo - What are segmentation genes?
Genes that control the number and orientation of segments in organisms like drosophila
Evo-Devo - What are gap genes?
Segmentation genes that activate first and divide the embryo into regions (head, thorax, and abdomen)
Evo-Devo - What are hox genes?
Homeotic genes that determine the fate of a particular segment or region of an organisms body
Evo-Devo - How many organisms have hox genes?
Nearly every animal (even sponges)
Evo-Devo - How are hox genes spread across chromosomes?
In clusters, lie close to one another
Evo-Devo - If an organism has more hox genes, are they more simple or complex?
Complex
Evo-Devo - What are homeotic mutations? How do they affect an organism?
Mutations that occur with homeotic genes (hox genes). This causes a body part of an organism to be transformed into another (an antennae becomes a leg)
Evo-Devo - What is heterochrony?
Differences among species in the rate or timing of developmental events (for example, the difference in the growth rate of human skulls vs. chimpanzee skulls)
Reproduction - What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?
Meiosis - division of germ cells; mitosis - division of somatic cells
Reproduction - What are germ cells?
cells that form gametes
Reproduction - What are somatic cells?
Non-reproductive cells
Reproduction - What is gameotogenesis?
Process where mature gametes are produced
Reproduction - What are the two types of gametogensis and what is produced?
