Module 1 - Introduction to the Study of Organismic Biology Flashcards

(61 cards)

1
Q

Systematics

A

study of diversification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Phylogenetics

A

study of evolutionary relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Phylogenies

A

hypotheses of evolutionary relationships that are based on data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does a node represent on a phylogenetic tree?

A

inferred common ancestors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sister species

A

species that share a more recent common ancestry with each other than other species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Homoplasy

A

shared traits irrespective of common ancestry that arise through convergent evolution - organisms that aren’t related yet share the same traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Monophyletic groups

A

an ancestral group and all of its descendants aka natural groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Paraphyletic groups

A

ancestral species and miss some of its descendants aka unnatural groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Polyphyletic groups

A

unrelated taxa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Alpha taxonomy

A

goal to correctly identify the species - it deals with the tips of the phylogeny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Species

A

smallest evolutionary unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What causes a change in species?

A

Reproductive isolation, mutation, natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ecotype

A

species genetically altered to fit its environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Morphological Species Concept

A

groups organisms based on physical characteristics - however there are too many traits to consider, it can be subjective, and cryptic species man not be recognized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

groups organisms based on the smallest monophyletic group - which relies on genetic divergence among groups of organisms, it could also inflate the number of species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

groups organisms based on reprodutive isolation - organisms may look related physically but that doesn’t mean they can breed together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Evolutionary Lineage Species Concept

A

groups organisms based on their immediate ancestral species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ecological Species Concept

A

groups organisms based on their ecological niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

cannot successfully breed with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

A

prevents zygote from forming - species never contact each other, mate at different times, or have different mating behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

A

prevents the growth of a zygote after fertilization - the egg cannot develop, offspring is fertile, or offspring have genetic abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mechanical Isolation

A

species genitalia is not compatible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gametic Isolation

A

species gametes are not compatible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ring Species

A

reproductive isolation between interconnected populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Cladogenesis
divergence of a species into two or more different species
26
What is a common way for cladogenesis to occur?
Allopatric speciation
27
Allopatric Speciation
species that diverge due to being geographically isolated
28
Adaptive Radiation
a single ancestral species has developed multiple different species based on their habitat, form, or behavior - different beaks on a finch based on where they live/their food
29
Sympatric Speciation
a species that diverges into two or more species even when they are in the same area
30
Polyploidy
when an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes
31
Gradualism
each news species evolves over a long period time
32
Punctuated Equilibrium
a concept that evolution is more sporadic than gradual
33
Heterochromy
differences among species in the rate or timing of developmental events
34
Evolutionary Developmental Biology
compares the development between different organism that bring about evolutionary change
35
Pattern Formation
process that results in a plant or animal with a particular structure
36
Hox genes
homeotic genes which determine the fate of a particular segment or region of the body
37
Taxonomy
a formal system of naming species
38
Hierarchies of Life
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
39
What are the 3 Domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
40
Binomial Nomenclature
Genus + Species, scientific names are italicized
41
Taxonomy vs. Nomenclature
Taxonomy: study of naming and classifying organisms Nomenclature: rules for choosing names
42
Evolution
heritable change between a population's generations - it's a THEORY
43
Microevolution
change in a single gene or in allele frequeneies
44
Processes of microevolution
Mutations, genetic drift, and nonrandom mating
45
Macroevolution
formation of a new species or groups of related species
46
Empirical Thought
using an observation to form a hypothesis rather than trying to rely on nonphysical or spiritual views
47
Perpetual Change
organismic diversity not constant over time
48
Common Descent
all organisms derived from a single ancestor
49
Natural Selection
adaptations that are favored and more likely to be passed down because they aid the survival of an organism in that environment
50
Five Evolutionary Theories
Perpetual change, common descent, multiplication of species, natural selection, and gradualism
51
Catastrophism
only catastrophic events change the Earth's structure
52
Uniformitarianism
recurring events changes Earth's structure (erosion)
53
Biogeography
unique species found on islands are a cause of reproductive isolation
54
Convergent Evolution
two different species from different lineages start to look similar because they occupy similar environments
55
Selective Breeding
programs and procedures made to modify traits in domestic species
56
Homologous Structures
structures that are anatomically similar because they evolved from a structure from a common ancestor
57
Vestigial structures
structures that have no function but resemble structures of a presumed ancestor
58
Ortholog
homologous genes found in different species
59
Paralog
homologous genes found in the same species
60
Vertical Evoution
genetic changes occur in a series of related species that form a lineage (parent to offspring)
61
Horizontal Gene Transfer
an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being it's offspring