Module 1 - Introduction to the Study of Organismic Biology

Question 1

Systematics

Answer 1

study of diversification

Question 2

Phylogenetics

Answer 2

study of evolutionary relationships

Question 3

Phylogenies

Answer 3

hypotheses of evolutionary relationships that are based on data

Question 4

What does a node represent on a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 4

inferred common ancestors

Question 5

Sister species

Answer 5

species that share a more recent common ancestry with each other than other species

Question 6

Homoplasy

Answer 6

shared traits irrespective of common ancestry that arise through convergent evolution - organisms that aren’t related yet share the same traits

Question 7

Monophyletic groups

Answer 7

an ancestral group and all of its descendants aka natural groups

Question 8

Paraphyletic groups

Answer 8

ancestral species and miss some of its descendants aka unnatural groups

Question 9

Polyphyletic groups

Answer 9

unrelated taxa

Question 10

Alpha taxonomy

Answer 10

goal to correctly identify the species - it deals with the tips of the phylogeny

Question 11

Species

Answer 11

smallest evolutionary unit

Question 12

What causes a change in species?

Answer 12

Reproductive isolation, mutation, natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift

Question 13

Ecotype

Answer 13

species genetically altered to fit its environment

Question 14

Morphological Species Concept

Answer 14

groups organisms based on physical characteristics - however there are too many traits to consider, it can be subjective, and cryptic species man not be recognized

Question 15

Phylogenetic Species Concept

Answer 15

groups organisms based on the smallest monophyletic group - which relies on genetic divergence among groups of organisms, it could also inflate the number of species

Question 16

Biological Species Concept

Answer 16

groups organisms based on reprodutive isolation - organisms may look related physically but that doesn’t mean they can breed together

Question 17

Evolutionary Lineage Species Concept

Answer 17

groups organisms based on their immediate ancestral species

Question 18

Ecological Species Concept

Answer 18

groups organisms based on their ecological niche

Question 19

Reproductive Isolation

Answer 19

cannot successfully breed with each other

Question 20

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

Answer 20

prevents zygote from forming - species never contact each other, mate at different times, or have different mating behaviours

Question 21

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

Answer 21

prevents the growth of a zygote after fertilization - the egg cannot develop, offspring is fertile, or offspring have genetic abnormalities

Question 22

Mechanical Isolation

Answer 22

species genitalia is not compatible

Question 23

Gametic Isolation

Answer 23

species gametes are not compatible

Question 24

Ring Species

Answer 24

reproductive isolation between interconnected populations

Question 25

Cladogenesis

Answer 25

divergence of a species into two or more different species

Question 26

What is a common way for cladogenesis to occur?

Answer 26

Allopatric speciation

Question 27

Allopatric Speciation

Answer 27

species that diverge due to being geographically isolated

Question 28

Adaptive Radiation

Answer 28

a single ancestral species has developed multiple different species based on their habitat, form, or behavior - different beaks on a finch based on where they live/their food

Question 29

Sympatric Speciation

Answer 29

a species that diverges into two or more species even when they are in the same area

Question 30

Polyploidy

Answer 30

when an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes

Question 31

Gradualism

Answer 31

each news species evolves over a long period time

Question 32

Punctuated Equilibrium

Answer 32

a concept that evolution is more sporadic than gradual

Question 33

Heterochromy

Answer 33

differences among species in the rate or timing of developmental events

Question 34

Evolutionary Developmental Biology

Answer 34

compares the development between different organism that bring about evolutionary change

Question 35

Pattern Formation

Answer 35

process that results in a plant or animal with a particular structure

Question 36

Hox genes

Answer 36

homeotic genes which determine the fate of a particular segment or region of the body

Question 37

Taxonomy

Answer 37

a formal system of naming species

Question 38

Hierarchies of Life

Answer 38

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 39

What are the 3 Domains?

Answer 39

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Question 40

Binomial Nomenclature

Answer 40

Genus + Species, scientific names are italicized

Question 41

Taxonomy vs. Nomenclature

Answer 41

Taxonomy: study of naming and classifying organisms Nomenclature: rules for choosing names

Question 42

Evolution

Answer 42

heritable change between a population's generations - it's a THEORY

Question 43

Microevolution

Answer 43

change in a single gene or in allele frequeneies

Question 44

Processes of microevolution

Answer 44

Mutations, genetic drift, and nonrandom mating

Question 45

Macroevolution

Answer 45

formation of a new species or groups of related species

Question 46

Empirical Thought

Answer 46

using an observation to form a hypothesis rather than trying to rely on nonphysical or spiritual views

Question 47

Perpetual Change

Answer 47

organismic diversity not constant over time

Question 48

Common Descent

Answer 48

all organisms derived from a single ancestor

Question 49

Natural Selection

Answer 49

adaptations that are favored and more likely to be passed down because they aid the survival of an organism in that environment

Question 50

Five Evolutionary Theories

Answer 50

Perpetual change, common descent, multiplication of species, natural selection, and gradualism

Question 51

Catastrophism

Answer 51

only catastrophic events change the Earth's structure

Question 52

Uniformitarianism

Answer 52

recurring events changes Earth's structure (erosion)

Question 53

Biogeography

Answer 53

unique species found on islands are a cause of reproductive isolation

Question 54

Convergent Evolution

Answer 54

two different species from different lineages start to look similar because they occupy similar environments

Question 55

Selective Breeding

Answer 55

programs and procedures made to modify traits in domestic species

Question 56

Homologous Structures

Answer 56

structures that are anatomically similar because they evolved from a structure from a common ancestor

Question 57

Vestigial structures

Answer 57

structures that have no function but resemble structures of a presumed ancestor

Question 58

Ortholog

Answer 58

homologous genes found in different species

Question 59

Paralog

Answer 59

homologous genes found in the same species

Question 60

Vertical Evoution

Answer 60

genetic changes occur in a series of related species that form a lineage (parent to offspring)

Question 61

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Answer 61

an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being it's offspring