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Organismic Biology > Module 1 - Introduction to the Study of Organismic Biology > Flashcards

Module 1 - Introduction to the Study of Organismic Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Systematics

A

study of diversification

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2
Q

Phylogenetics

A

study of evolutionary relationships

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3
Q

Phylogenies

A

hypotheses of evolutionary relationships that are based on data

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4
Q

What does a node represent on a phylogenetic tree?

A

inferred common ancestors

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5
Q

Sister species

A

species that share a more recent common ancestry with each other than other species

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6
Q

Homoplasy

A

shared traits irrespective of common ancestry that arise through convergent evolution - organisms that aren’t related yet share the same traits

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7
Q

Monophyletic groups

A

an ancestral group and all of its descendants aka natural groups

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8
Q

Paraphyletic groups

A

ancestral species and miss some of its descendants aka unnatural groups

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9
Q

Polyphyletic groups

A

unrelated taxa

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10
Q

Alpha taxonomy

A

goal to correctly identify the species - it deals with the tips of the phylogeny

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11
Q

Species

A

smallest evolutionary unit

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12
Q

What causes a change in species?

A

Reproductive isolation, mutation, natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift

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13
Q

Ecotype

A

species genetically altered to fit its environment

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14
Q

Morphological Species Concept

A

groups organisms based on physical characteristics - however there are too many traits to consider, it can be subjective, and cryptic species man not be recognized

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15
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

groups organisms based on the smallest monophyletic group - which relies on genetic divergence among groups of organisms, it could also inflate the number of species

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16
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

groups organisms based on reprodutive isolation - organisms may look related physically but that doesn’t mean they can breed together

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17
Q

Evolutionary Lineage Species Concept

A

groups organisms based on their immediate ancestral species

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18
Q

Ecological Species Concept

A

groups organisms based on their ecological niche

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19
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

cannot successfully breed with each other

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20
Q

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

A

prevents zygote from forming - species never contact each other, mate at different times, or have different mating behaviours

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21
Q

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

A

prevents the growth of a zygote after fertilization - the egg cannot develop, offspring is fertile, or offspring have genetic abnormalities

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22
Q

Mechanical Isolation

A

species genitalia is not compatible

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23
Q

Gametic Isolation

A

species gametes are not compatible

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24
Q

Ring Species

A

reproductive isolation between interconnected populations

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25
Q

Cladogenesis

A

divergence of a species into two or more different species

26
Q

What is a common way for cladogenesis to occur?

A

Allopatric speciation

27
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

species that diverge due to being geographically isolated

28
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

a single ancestral species has developed multiple different species based on their habitat, form, or behavior - different beaks on a finch based on where they live/their food

29
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

a species that diverges into two or more species even when they are in the same area

30
Q

Polyploidy

A

when an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes

31
Q

Gradualism

A

each news species evolves over a long period time

32
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

a concept that evolution is more sporadic than gradual

33
Q

Heterochromy

A

differences among species in the rate or timing of developmental events

34
Q

Evolutionary Developmental Biology

A

compares the development between different organism that bring about evolutionary change

35
Q

Pattern Formation

A

process that results in a plant or animal with a particular structure

36
Q

Hox genes

A

homeotic genes which determine the fate of a particular segment or region of the body

37
Q

Taxonomy

A

a formal system of naming species

38
Q

Hierarchies of Life

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

39
Q

What are the 3 Domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

40
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

Genus + Species, scientific names are italicized

41
Q

Taxonomy vs. Nomenclature

A

Taxonomy: study of naming and classifying organisms
Nomenclature: rules for choosing names

42
Q

Evolution

A

heritable change between a population’s generations - it’s a THEORY

43
Q

Microevolution

A

change in a single gene or in allele frequeneies

44
Q

Processes of microevolution

A

Mutations, genetic drift, and nonrandom mating

45
Q

Macroevolution

A

formation of a new species or groups of related species

46
Q

Empirical Thought

A

using an observation to form a hypothesis rather than trying to rely on nonphysical or spiritual views

47
Q

Perpetual Change

A

organismic diversity not constant over time

48
Q

Common Descent

A

all organisms derived from a single ancestor

49
Q

Natural Selection

A

adaptations that are favored and more likely to be passed down because they aid the survival of an organism in that environment

50
Q

Five Evolutionary Theories

A

Perpetual change, common descent, multiplication of species, natural selection, and gradualism

51
Q

Catastrophism

A

only catastrophic events change the Earth’s structure

52
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

recurring events changes Earth’s structure (erosion)

53
Q

Biogeography

A

unique species found on islands are a cause of reproductive isolation

54
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

two different species from different lineages start to look similar because they occupy similar environments

55
Q

Selective Breeding

A

programs and procedures made to modify traits in domestic species

56
Q

Homologous Structures

A

structures that are anatomically similar because they evolved from a structure from a common ancestor

57
Q

Vestigial structures

A

structures that have no function but resemble structures of a presumed ancestor

58
Q

Ortholog

A

homologous genes found in different species

59
Q

Paralog

A

homologous genes found in the same species

60
Q

Vertical Evoution

A

genetic changes occur in a series of related species that form a lineage (parent to offspring)

61
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being it’s offspring

Organismic Biology (3 decks)

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