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Organismic Biology > Module 2 - Introduction to Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Module 2 - Introduction to Animal Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What are some characteristics of animals?

A

Heterotrophic, multicellular, nervous and digestive system, spine and/or skeletal structure, no cell wall, able to (mostly) sexually reproduce, able to move, extracellular matrix, related at a molecular level

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2
Q

When did animal life appear around?

A

More than 600 mya

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3
Q

Describe the Cambrian Explosion

A

Occurred 530 mya, appearance of many animal phyla, many phyla no longer exist, larger animals and first vertebrates, movement onto land

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4
Q

What are the five grades of organization?

A

Protoplasmic (organelles), cellular, tissue, organs, and organ systems

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5
Q

What are the types of body symmetry?

A

Asymmetric, radial, and bilateral

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6
Q

Asymmetric Body Symmetry

A

No symmetry

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7
Q

Radial Body Symmetry

A

Multiple axis of symmetry

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8
Q

Bilateral Body Symmetry

A

One axis of symmetry, includes cephalization

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9
Q

What kind of animals have an asymmetry symmetry?

A

Sponges

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10
Q

What kind of animals have a radial symmetry?

A

Cnidaria (jellyfish)

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11
Q

What kind of animals have bilateral symmetry?

A

Crabs, mammals, most animals

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12
Q

What is another kind of symmetry (other than asymmetry, radial, and bilateral) that is not present in animals?

A

Spherical

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13
Q

What are germ layers?

A

Embryonic cell layers during gastrulation

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14
Q

What is ectoderm and what does it form?

A

The outer layer; forms skin and nervous system

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15
Q

What is mesoderm and what does it form?

A

The middle layer; forms muscles, blood, and other organs

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16
Q

What is endoderm and what does it form?

A

The inner layer; forms the lining of the digestive tract

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17
Q

What do you call an animal with two germ layers?

A

Diploblastic

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18
Q

Diploblastic - what layer do they not have?

A

Two germ layers, no mesoderm

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19
Q

What symmetry do diploblastic animals have?

A

Radial

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20
Q

What do you call an animals with three germ layers?

A

Triploblastic

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21
Q

What symmetry do triploblastic animals have?

A

Bilateral

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22
Q

Blastopore

A

A small opening in the embryo during gastrulation

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23
Q

What does the blastopore become in protosomes?

A

The mouth

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24
Q

What does the blastopore become in deuterostomes?

A

The anus

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25
Q

What is a body cavity?

A

Internal space where an animal keeps its organs

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26
Q

Coelom

A

Fluid-filled body cavity

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27
Q

What are the three types of coeloms?

A

Coelomates, pseudocoelomates, and acoelomates

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28
Q

Coelomates

A

Animals with a true coelom or their body cavity is lined with mesoderm (earthworms)

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29
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

Animals with a coelom that isn’t lined with mesoderm (nematodes)

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30
Q

Acoelomates

A

Animals without a coelom, instead they have a cavity filled with mesoderm (flatworms)

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31
Q

Segmentation

A

Repetition of similar body segments

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32
Q

What are the major animal phyla?

A

Ctenophora, porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, rotifera, bryozoa, brachiopoda, mollusca, annelida, nematoda, arthropoda, echinodermata, and chordata

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33
Q

What are the closest living relatives to animals?

A

Choanoflagellates

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34
Q

Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates

A

Invertebrates have no backbone (90% of all animals) vs. Vertebrates have a backbone

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35
Q

What’s included in a vertebrate?

A

Vertebral column, a cranium, an endoskeleton of cartilage or bone = main 3. They also have a neural crest and a diversity of organs

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36
Q

Porifera - Basic characteristics

A

No germ layers (neither diploblastic or triploblastic), asymmetric, cellular level of organization, no nervous system

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37
Q

Porifera - Choanocytes

A

Flagellated cells that filter food through water

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38
Q

Porifera - Amoebocytes

A

Interior of the sponge that aids in digestion, secretes spicules, and reproduction

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39
Q

Porifera - Pinacocytes

A

Outer layer of a sponge that maintains structure and size

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40
Q

Porifera - Spicules

A

Rigid structures providing protection and support

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41
Q

Porifera - Spongin

A

Structural support

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42
Q

Porifera - Describe the process in which a sponge circulates water

A

The water is drawn into pores called ostia, then through the spongocoel (internal cavity), and then flows out the osculum

43
Q

Porifera - Which stage of porifera is sessile and which is motile?

A

Adults are sessile; Larvae are motile using cilia

44
Q

Cnidaria - Basic characteristics

A

Diploblastic, radial symmetry, tissue level of organization, incomplete gut, two body forms (polyp and medusa)

45
Q

Cnidaria - Difference between polyp and medusa

A

Polyp are sessile; mouth opens dorsally
Medusa are motile; mouth opens vertically

46
Q

Cnidaria - What are the three classes of cnidaria?

A

Hydrozoa, scyphozoa, and anthozoa

47
Q

Cnidaria - What are hydrozoa and is the polyp or medusa stage dominant?

A

Hydra, fire corals; poly stage is dominant

48
Q

Cnidaria - What are scyphozoa and is the polyp or medusa stage dominant?

A

True jellyfish; medusa stage is dominant

49
Q

Cnidaria - What are anthozoa and is the polyp or medusa stage dominant?

A

Corals, sea anemones; only polyps

50
Q

Cnidaria - nematocysts, cnidocil, and cnidocyte

A

Nematocysts = cell specialized in stinging within the cnidocyte
Cnidocil = hair-like trigger of the cnidocyte
Cnidocyte = specialized cell for stinging

51
Q

Cnidaria - Planula

A

Free swimming larvae

52
Q

Cnidaria - Epidermis and gastrodermis

A

Epidermis = ectoderm; outer layer that contains cnidocytes
Gastrodermis = endoderm; inner cell lining of gastrovascular cavity

53
Q

Cnidaria - Mesoglea

A

Noncellular, gelatin layer

54
Q

Is lophotrochozoa a phylum?

A

NO, it is a super group that includes phyla

55
Q

Are lophotrochozoans protostomes or deuterostomes?

A

Protostomes

56
Q

Which phyla are included in lophotrochozoa?

A

Platyhelminthes, rotifers, bryozoans, brachiopods, mollusks, and annelids

57
Q

Lophophore

A

A crown of tentacles surrounding the mouth (bryozoans and brachiopods)

58
Q

Trochophore

A

A distinct swimming larval stage with ciliated crown in front of mouth (mollusks and annelids)

59
Q

Platyhelminthes (flatworms) - Basic characteristics

A

Triploblastic, acoelomate, organ level of organization, incomplete gut with pharynx, cephalization, free-living, many parasitic

60
Q

Rotifer - Basic characteristics

A

Pseudocoelom, a ciliated crown aka corona

61
Q

Bryozoa - Basic characteristics

A

Lophophore, small colonial animals, look like plants

62
Q

Brachiopods - Basic characteristics

A

Lophophore, marine environments, two shell halves

63
Q

Mollusca - Basic characteristics

A

Triploblastic, coelom that surrounds the heart, complete gut, organ system level of organization, soft bodies

64
Q

Mollusca - Radula

A

tongue-like organ used for foraging

65
Q

Mollusca - 3 Part Body Plan

A

Muscular head-foot, visceral mass, and mantle

66
Q

Annelida (segmented worms) - Basic characteristics

A

Triploblastic, coelom, complete gut, clear segments

67
Q

Annelid - Setae

A

For movement

68
Q

What phyla are included in ecdysozoa?

A

Nematodes and arthropods

69
Q

Ecdysozoa - Cuticle

A

Serves as an exoskeleton that cannot grow and therefore must be shed

70
Q

Nematoda (roundworms) - Basic characteristics

A

Triploblastic, pseudocoelom, complete gut, longitudinal muscles

71
Q

Arthropoda (spiders, millipedes, crustaceans, insects) - Basic characteristics

A

Triploblastic, coelom, complete gut, cuticle is a hard exoskeleton, lots of segmentation, segments may be fused into tagmata, jointed appendages

72
Q

Arthropoda - Tagmata

A

Specific segments of arthropods (head, thorax, and abdomen)

73
Q

Arthropoda - What animals are included in Chelicerata? How many tagmata and pairs of appendages do they have?

A

Spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks
1-2 tagmata = cephalothorax and abdomen
Six pairs of appendages

74
Q

Arthropoda - What animals are included in Myriapoda? How many tagmata do they have and what is a characteristic that they are known for?

A

Millipedes and centipedes
2 tagmata = head and trunk
Multiple pairs of legs

75
Q

Arthropoda - What animals are included in Crustacea? How many tagmata do they have?

A

Crabs, lobsters, shrimp
2-3 tagmata = cephalothorax is a carapace

76
Q

Arthropoda - What animals are included in Hexapoda? How many tagmata and pairs of legs do they have?

A

Insects
3 tagmata = head, thorax, and abdomen
3 pairs of legs

77
Q

Arthropoda - Uniramous vs. Biramous appendages

A

Uniramous: unbranched appendages
Biramous: branched appendages

78
Q

Arthropoda - Which class(es) have uniramous appendages?

A

Chelicerata, myriapoda, and hexapoda

79
Q

Arthropoda - Which class(es) have biramous appendages?

80
Q

Arthropoda - What adaptations do hexapoda (insects) have for land?

A

Wings, waxy cuticle, and cleidoic eggs

81
Q

Deuterostomia - What phyla include deuterostome animals?

A

Echinodermata and chordata

82
Q

Echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers) - Basic characteristics

A

Radial symmetry in adults, invertebrate, deuterostomes, endoskeleton, water vascular system, no brain, true coelom

83
Q

Chordata - What are the four critical innovations of a Chordata’s body plan?

A

Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and postanal tail

84
Q

Chordata - Notochord

A

Single flexible rod that lies between the digestive tract and nerve cord

85
Q

Chordata - Dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

Hollow tubes that develop into the brain and spinal cord for vertebrates

86
Q

Chordata - Pharyngeal Slits

A

Used for filter feeding and gas exchange

87
Q

Chordata - Postanal Tail

A

Tail that extends posterior to the anal opening that’s used for locomotion

88
Q

Chordata - Which chordata are invertebrates?

A

Cephalochordates (lancelets) and Tunicates (sea quirts or Urochordates)

89
Q

Chordata - What are the key innovations of vertebrates?

A

Jaws, bony or cartilage skeleton, amniotes, and producing milk

90
Q

Chordata - Cyclostomata (hagfish and lampreys)

A

Jawless fish

91
Q

Chordata - Gnathostomes

A

Jawed vertebrates - jaws that evolved from cartiaginous gill arches and enable the capturing of prey

92
Q

Chordata - Chondrichthyans (fishes - sharks, skates, and rays)

A

Cartilaginous skeleton instead of bone; Adaptations for swimming - muscular tail, fins, streamlined body, and buoyancy regulation

93
Q

Chordata - Osteichthyans (ray finned and lobe finned fishes)

A

Thin flexible ray fins or muscular lobe fins, lungs modified into swim bladders (buoyancy)

94
Q

Chordata - Tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles/birds, mammals)

A

Four limbs for locomotion, airbreathing

95
Q

Chordata - Amphibians

A

Can live on land but need to live near water (skin), thin and moist skin, metamorphosis, three-chambered heart, buccal pumping

96
Q

Chordata - Amniotes (tetrapods with a desiccation-resistant egg - reptiles/birds and mammals)

A

Have amniotic eggs which have a developing embryo and four separate extraembryonic membranes which produce: amnion, yolk sac, allantois, and chorion

97
Q

Chordata - Amnion

A

Amniote eggs - Protects the developing embryo in a fluid-filled sac

98
Q

Chordata - Yolk sac

A

Amniote eggs - Holds nutrients

99
Q

Chordata - Allantois

A

Amniote eggs - Disposal sac for metabolic wastes

100
Q

Chordata - Chorion

A

Amniote eggs - Gas exchange

101
Q

Chordata - Reptiles (turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, birds)

A

Amniotes, thick and dry skin with scales from keratin that is often shredded

102
Q

Chordata - Mammals

A

Amniotes that produce milk

103
Q

Chordata - Four characteristics that distinguish mammals

A

Mammary glands, hair, specialized teeth, and enlarged skull

Organismic Biology (3 decks)

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