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Bio 1593 A&P 1 > Module 3: Cells > Flashcards

Module 3: Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

The cell can be divided into three principal parts

A

Plasma (cell) membrane

Cytoplasm:

Cytosol
Organelles (except for the nucleus)

Nucleus

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2
Q

a flexible, sturdy barrier that contains the cell cytoplasm

A

plasma membrane

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3
Q

describe the structure of the plasma membrane

A

composed of a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipid molecules with many protein molecules dispersed within it.

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4
Q

Which parts of the plasma membrane are hydrophillic vs hydrophobic

A

The surfaces of the membrane are hydrophilic due to the polar phosphate heads. The internal portion of the membrane is hydrophobic due to the nonpolar fatty acid tails

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5
Q

Integral proteins are firmly inserted into and extend across the lipid bilayer of the Plasma Membrane. Most of these proteins are glycoproteins

A

Most of these proteins are glycoproteins, which serve as channels (pores), transporters (carriers), receptors (recognition sites), or enzymes

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6
Q

Plasma membranes are what level of permeability

A

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable, meaning that some things can pass through and others cannot.

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7
Q

The lipid bilayer portion of the membrane is permeable to what and impermeable to what

A

The lipid bilayer portion of the membrane is permeable to small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules, but impermeable to ions and charged or polar molecules. This bilayer also is permeable to water.

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8
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

act as channels or transporters increase the permeability of the membrane to molecules that cannot cross the lipid bilayer

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9
Q

Macromolecules pass through the plasma membrane by

A

vesicular transport

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10
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF) is located

A

inside the cell

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11
Q

extracellular fluid (ECF) is located

A

outside the cell.

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12
Q

The types of extracellular fluid

A

Interstitial fluid

Plasma

Lymph

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13
Q

Solutes

A

substances dissolved in a solvent.

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14
Q

concentration gradient

A

the difference in the concentrations of a substance between two areas (e.g., the amount of water in your cells compared to the amount of water in the lake in which you are swimming, or the amount of sodium ions in extracellular fluid compared to the amount of sodium ions in intracellular fluid)

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15
Q

Vesicular transport involves

A

the formation of membrane-surrounded vesicles to move materials into or out of the cell by endocytosis or exocytosis.

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16
Q

Living cells use three passive transport processes

A

non-mediated (diffusion through the lipid bilayer and diffusion through a channel)
mediated (facilitated diffusion).

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17
Q

the random mixing of particles that occurs in a solution as a result of the kinetic energy of the particles

A

Diffusion

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17
Q

the random mixing of particles that occurs in a solution as a result of the kinetic energy of the particles

A

Diffusion

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18
Q

Diffusion is influenced by

A

Steepness of the concentration gradient

Temperature

Size or mass of the diffusing substance

Surface area

Diffusion distance

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19
Q

Movement of molecules or ions down a concentration gradient means

A

Movement from a region of high concentration towards region of low concentration

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20
Q

Most membrane channels are ion channels, allow

A

the passage of small, inorganic, hydrophilic ions

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21
Q

a solute binds to a specific transporter on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side after the transporter undergoes a conformational change

A

facilitated diffusion

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22
Q

This is the process by which glucose enters and leaves most human cells

A

facilitated diffusion

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23
Q

the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. It is the movement of water (the solute) from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across the membrane.

A

osmosis

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24
Q

relates to the concentration of solutes outside of the cell relative to the inside of a cell, and how the solution influences the shape of body cells.

A

tonicity

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25
Q

the concentration of solutes outside of the cell is the same as that inside the cell. In such a solution, red blood cells maintain their normal shape.

A

isotonic solution

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26
Q

the concentration of solutes outside of the cell is less than that inside the cell. In such a solution red blood cells swell, and undergo hemolysis.

A

hypotonic solution,

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27
Q

the concentration of solutes outside of the cell is greater than that inside the cell. In such a solution, red blood cells shrink and undergo crenation.

A

hypertonic solution

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28
Q

an energy-requiring process that moves solutes such as ions, amino acids, and monosaccharides against a concentration gradient.

A

Active transport

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28
Q

an energy-requiring process that moves solutes such as ions, amino acids, and monosaccharides against a concentration gradient.

A

Active transport

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29
Q

molecules or particles that are too large to enter the cell by diffusion or active transport are brought into a vesicle formed from a section of the cell membrane.

A

endocytosis

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29
Q

molecules or particles that are too large to enter the cell by diffusion or active transport are brought into a vesicle formed from a section of the cell membrane.

A

endocytosis

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30
Q

, membrane-enclosed structures called secretory vesicles, which form inside the cell, fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid.

A

exocytosis,

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31
Q

a small membranous sac that forms by budding off from a cell membrane.

A

vesicle

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32
Q

Two types of vesicular transport are:

A

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

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33
Q

The three main types of endocytosis are:

A

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis (bulk-phase endocytosis)

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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34
Q

the intracellular fluid, is the semifluid portion of cytoplasm that contains inclusions and dissolved solutes

A

Cytosol

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35
Q

Cytosol is composed mostly of

A

water, plus proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and inorganic substances.

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36
Q

network of several kinds of protein filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and provide a structural framework for the cell.

A

cytoskeleton

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37
Q

cytoskeleton consists of

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

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38
Q

Most microfilaments are composed of

A

actin, and function in movement and mechanical support.

39
Q

composed of several different proteins, and function in support and helping to anchor organelles such as the nucleus.

A

Intermediate filaments

40
Q

Microtubules are composed of a protein called tubulin, and help determine

A

cell shape and function in the intracellular transport of organelles and the migration of chromosomes during cell division.

41
Q

Centrosomes are dense areas of cytoplasm that contain the

A

centrioles

42
Q

the paired cylinders arranged at right angles to one another—that serve as centres for organizing microtubules in interphase cells and the mitotic spindle during cell division.

A

centrioles

43
Q

numerous, short, hair-like projections extending from the surface of a cell, which function to move materials over the surface of cells located in the lining of the respiratory tract and fallopian tubes.

A

Cilia

44
Q

similar to cilia but are much longer; usually, they move an entire cell. The only example of one in the human body is the tail of the sperm cell.

A

Flagella

45
Q

tiny spheres that consist of ribosomal RNA and several ribosomal proteins; they occur free (singly or in clusters) or together with endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Ribosomes

46
Q

a network of membranes that form flattened sacs or tubules called cisterns.

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER

47
Q

continuous with the nuclear membrane and has an outer surface studded with ribosomes.

A

Rough ER

48
Q

extends from the rough ER to form a network of membrane tubules, but it does not contain ribosomes on its membrane surface

A

Smooth ER

49
Q

transports substances, stores newly synthesized molecules, synthesizes and packages molecules, detoxifies chemicals, and releases the calcium ions involved in muscle contraction.

A

The endoplasmic reticulum

50
Q

consists of four-to-six stacked, flattened membranous sacs (cisterns) referred to as cis, medial, and trans. The principal function of the Golgi complex is to process, sort, and deliver proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles.

A

Golgi complex

51
Q

membrane-enclosed vesicles that form in the Golgi complex, and which contain powerful digestive enzymes. Lysosomes function in intracellular digestion, the digestion of worn-out organelles (autophagy), the digestion of cellular contents (autolysis) during embryological development, and extracellular digestion.

A

Lysosomes

52
Q

digestion of worn-out organelles

A

autophagy

53
Q

the digestion of cellular contents

A

(autolysis)

54
Q

similar in structure to, but are smaller than, lysosomes. contain enzymes (e.g., catalase) that use molecular oxygen to oxidize various organic substances.

A

Peroxisomes

55
Q

a tiny membrane-bound sac that contains protease enzymes, which are able to cut proteins

A

A proteasome

56
Q

bound by a double membrane. The outer membrane is smooth, whereas the inner membrane is arranged in folds called cristae.

A

The mitochondrion

57
Q

the site of ATP production in the cell through the catabolism of nutrient molecules.

A

Mitochondria

58
Q

Mitochondria self-replicate using

A

their own DNA.

59
Q

includes the nuclear envelope—which is perforated by channels called nuclear pores—the nucleoli, and genetic material (DNA)

A

The nucleus

60
Q

a long molecule of DNA that is coiled together with several proteins. Human somatic cells have 46 of these arranged in 23 pairs.

A

chromosome

61
Q

The various levels of DNA packaging

A

represented by nucleosomes, chromatin fibres, loops, chromatids, and chromosomes.

62
Q

the process by which the genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto a strand of RNA called messenger RNA (mRNA), which directs the protein synthesis. Besides serving as the template for the synthesis of mRNA, DNA also synthesizes two other kinds of RNA—ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA).

A

Transcription

63
Q

the process of reading the mRNA nucleotide sequence to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein.

A

Translation

64
Q

the process by which cells reproduce themselves. It consists of nuclear division (mitosis and meiosis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis).

A

Cell division

65
Q

The stages of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

66
Q

the distribution of two sets of chromosomes, one set into each of two separate nuclei.

A

Mitosis

67
Q

Name the three principal parts of a generalized cell

A

Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus

68
Q

State the difference between integral and peripheral membrane proteins

A

Integral proteins penetrate through the membrane; peripheral proteins are on the inner or outer surface.

69
Q

Name the two types (categories) of membrane proteins

A

Integral and peripheral

70
Q

List three functions of the cell membrane:

A 
Channel
Transporter 
Receptor
Enzymes 
Anchor
Identify marker
71
Q

The fluid inside a cell is called the

A

intracellular fluid

72
Q

while the fluid outside the cell is called the

A

extracellular fluid

73
Q

Define the terms passive with respect to membrane transport.

A

Passive transport involves movement from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration without an expenditure of energy.

74
Q

Define the terms active with respect to membrane transport.

A

Active transport involves the movement of materials against a concentration gradient with the use of energy.

75
Q

osmosis.

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

76
Q

Define the term hypotonic

A

In a hypotonic solution, a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water occurs

77
Q

Define the term hypertonic.

A

a hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water.

78
Q

Describe the cytosol of the cell

A

The cytosol of the cell is the viscous fluid within which the organelles and inclusions are suspended. It is the site of most intracellular chemical reactions.

79
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus.

A

The nucleus is a spherical structure surrounded by a double membrane, and contains the nucleolus and chromatin.

80
Q

Describe the structure and location of the ribosomes.

A

Ribosomes are small globular granules (about 25 nm across) made of ribosomal RNA and protein. They are found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

81
Q

Identify the function of the lysosomes.

A

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes used by cells to reprocess intracellular materials such as cell membranes, and extracellular materials such as bone

82
Q

What is the function of the microtubules?

A

Microtubules provide shape and structural support for cells. They also provide the mechanism for the movement of cilia and flagella, and for the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

83
Q

Identify the primary function of cilia.

A

Cilia cause the movement of materials such as mucous across cell surfaces.

84
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

The cytoskeleton is a framework within the cell; its function is related mainly to movement and support. It is made up of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.

85
Q

The cytoskeleton proteins with the smallest diameter are called

A

microfilaments

86
Q

Define the terms transcription and translation.

A

Transcription is the copying of a base sequence of DNA into a base sequence of RNA. Translation is the use of a base sequence of messenger RNA to assemble a corresponding sequence of amino acids.

87
Q

Fill in the appropriate RNA nucleotide that would be expected to pair with the DNA nucleotide shown below:

C–T–T–A–G–A–G–A–T—G

A

G–A–A–U–C–U–C–U–A–C

88
Q

The process of transcription provides which three types of RNA?

A

Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA

89
Q

What is the anticodon?

A

The anticodon is a sequence of three nucleotides on a transfer RNA molecule, which allows the t-RNA to bind to a specific sequence of three nucleotides on the messenger RNA.

90
Q

What is a termination (stop) codon?

A

A termination codon is a three-nucleotide sequence in messenger RNA that signifies the end of the message.

91
Q

What is a gene? What is its function?

A

A gene is a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA that determines the amino acid sequence of a protein

92
Q

For successful somatic cell division to occur, the cell must undergo mitosis followed by cytokinesis. Explain these two terms.

A

Division of the nucleus

Division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)

93
Q

A cell spends most of its life in what stage of the life cycle?

A

Interphase

94
Q

The cellular contents located between the outer limiting membrane of a cell and its nucleus are collectively known as:

A

Cytoplasm

95
Q

Which lipids compose approximately three-fourths of the lipids in the plasma membrane of a human cell?

A

Phospholipids

96
Q

Which cell organelle is the site of fatty acid, phospholipid, and steroid synthesis?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

97
Q

Which cell organelle is the site of fatty acid, phospholipid, and steroid synthesis?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

98
Q

Human cells are basically factories that produce large numbers of diverse

A

Proteins

99
Q

The only example of a flagellum in the human body is in the:

A

Tail of a sperm cell.

Bio 1593 A&P 1 (4 decks)

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