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Bio 1593 A&P 1 > Module 2: Chemistry Intro > Flashcards

Module 2: Chemistry Intro Flashcards

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1
Q

units of matter in all chemical elements

A

Atom

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2
Q

Atoms consist of

A

Nucleus, positively charged protons & neutrons & negatively charged electrons that move about the nucleus in different energy levels

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3
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged

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4
Q

Neutron

A

Neutral (no) charge

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5
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged

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6
Q

Different atoms of the same chemical element that have same number of protons but different number of neutrons

A

Isotope

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7
Q

Unstable isotope that emits energy

A

Radioactive isotope

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8
Q

Atomic number

A

of protons in the nucleus of an atom and the usual number of electrons

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9
Q

Mass number

A

The sum of the number of protons & neutrons in an elects nuclues

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10
Q

An atom that has a positive or negative charge

A

An ion

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11
Q

Positively charged ions

A

Cations

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12
Q

Negative charged ions

A

Anion

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13
Q

When two or more atoms share electrons

A

Molecule

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14
Q

A compound is

A

The combination of two or more different atoms

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15
Q

An electrically charged atom or group of atoms with a unpaired electron in its outermost shell

A

Free radical

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16
Q

Antioxidant

A

Substances that inactivate oxygen-derived free radicals

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17
Q

How are ions formed

A

When an atom loses or gains a valence electron

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18
Q

Ionic bond

A

Negative & positive charged ions held together

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19
Q

Dissociation of positive and negative ions

A

Electrolyte

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20
Q

Holds positively & negatively charged ions together

A

Ionic bond

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21
Q

Formed when atoms of molecules share electrons

A

Covalent bond

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22
Q

Formed when the atoms of molecules share electrons

A

Covalent bonds

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23
Q

Strongest & most common bond

A

Covalent bond

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24
Q

Can be polar or non polar

A

Covalent bodn

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25
Q

The polar covalent bonding of hydrogen to oxygen can allow for

A

Hydrogen bonds to form

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26
Q

Two atoms associate with a hydrogen ion

A

Hydrogen bond

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27
Q

These bonds are weak & cannot bind atoms into molecules; instead these bonds severe as links between molecules to provide strength & stability and help determine the three dimensional shape of large molecules

A

Hydrogen bonds

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28
Q

Occurs when new bonds are formed or old bonds break between atoms

A

Chemical reaction

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29
Q

Starting substances of chemical reaction

A

Reactants

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30
Q

Products

A

The ending substance of chemical reactions

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31
Q

The total mass of the reactants will be equal to the total mass of the products

A

The law of the conservation of mass

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32
Q

All the chemical reactions occurring in an organism

A

Metabolism

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33
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work

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34
Q

Forms of energy and chemical reactions

A

Potential energy (chemical energy) and kinetic energy

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35
Q

Energy stored by matter due to its position

A

Potential energy

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36
Q

Energy stored in bonds of compounds or molecules

A

Chemical energy

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37
Q

Energy associated with matter in motion

A

Kinetic energy

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38
Q

occur when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules

A

Synthesis reactions

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39
Q

Synthesis reactions are anabolic or catabolic

A

These reactions are anabolic, which means that bonds are formed.

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40
Q

decomposition reaction are anabolic or catabolic

A

These reactions are catabolic, which means that chemical bonds are broken in the process.

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41
Q

the loss of electrons from a molecule, which results in a decrease in the potential energy of the molecule.

A

Oxidation

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42
Q

the gain of electrons by a molecule, which results in an increase in the potential energy of the molecule

A

Reduction

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43
Q

usually lack carbon and are simple molecules

A

Inorganic compounds

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44
Q

always contain carbon and hydrogen always have covalent bonds, and usually contain oxygen.

A

organic compounds

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45
Q

examples of inorganic compounds

A

water, salts, acids, bases - carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ion

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46
Q

examples of organic compounds

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and ATP

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47
Q

the most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living systems

A

Water

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48
Q

In what molecule does the uneven sharing of valence electrons confers a partial negative charge near the single oxygen atom and two partial positive charges near the two hydrogen atoms

A

In the water molecule

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49
Q

the ideal medium for most chemical reactions in the body, and it participates as a reactant or product in certain reactions

A

Water

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50
Q

breaks large molecules down into simpler ones by adding a molecule of water

A

Hydrolysis

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51
Q

Dehydration synthesis occurs when

A

two simple molecules join together, eliminating a molecule of water in the process.

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52
Q

a measure of the difficulty involved to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

A

surface tension; which is created by the cohesion of water molecules

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53
Q

When the molecules of inorganic acids, bases, or salts dissolve in water, they undergo

A

ionization or dissociation, meaning that they separate into ions

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54
Q

Acids ionize into

A

one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more anions (negative ions)

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55
Q

Bases dissociate into

A

one or more hydroxide ions (OH-) and one or more cations (positive ions). Bases are proton acceptors.

56
Q

When dissolved in water, a salt dissociates into

A

cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-.

57
Q

[H+] > [OH-]

A

acid solutions

58
Q

[H+] < [OH-]

A

alkaline solutions

59
Q

a pH of 7.0 equals 10-7 or 0.0000001 moles of H+/L, which is

A

neutrality

60
Q

the pH of urine, saliva

A

6.3-6.6

61
Q

pH of blood

A

neutral, pH of 7.4

62
Q

Carbohydrates

A

sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose

62
Q

Carbohydrates

A

sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose

63
Q

Carbohydrates are divided into three major groups based on their size

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

64
Q

Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides by

A

dehydration synthesis

65
Q

split disaccharides back into simple sugars

A

Hydrolysis

66
Q

the largest carbohydrates, are known as complex carbohydrates; they can include hundreds of monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides

67
Q

The principal polysaccharide in the human body is

A

glycogen

68
Q

glycogen is stored where

A

in the liver and skeletal muscles

69
Q

joined by dehydration synthesis, and separated by hydrolysis

A

Monosaccharides

70
Q

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; however, unlike carbohydrates, they do not have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

A

Lipids

71
Q

have fewer polar covalent bonds, and thus they are mostly insoluble in polar solvents such as water (they are hydrophobic)

A

Lipids

72
Q

soluble in non-polar solvents such as chloroform or alcohol

A

lipids

73
Q

the most plentiful lipids in the body and provide protection, insulation, and energy (both immediate and stored)

A

Triglycerides

74
Q

structurally similar to triglycerides and are important membrane components

A

Phospholipids

75
Q

composed of four rings of carbon atoms. Examples include dietary lipid cholesterol, and the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone

A

Steroids

76
Q

give structure to the body, regulate processes, provide protection, help muscles to contract, transport substances, and serve as enzymes.

A

Proteins

77
Q

Amino acids contain

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

78
Q

Amino acids are joined together in a stepwise fashion with each covalent bond joining one amino acid to the next, which forms a

A

peptide bond

79
Q

The denaturation of a protein by a hostile environment causes

A

a loss of its characteristic shape and function

80
Q

Different amino acids join together to form peptides, polypeptides, or proteins via dehydration synthesis. The bonds between the amino acids are

A

Peptide Bond

81
Q

Catalysts in living cells are called

A

enzymes

82
Q

speed up chemical reactions by increasing the frequency of molecule collisions, lowering the activation energy, and properly orienting colliding molecules

A

Enzymes

83
Q

huge organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

A

Nucleic acids

84
Q

forms the genetic code inside each cell and thus regulates most of the activities that occur in our cells throughout our lifetime

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

85
Q

carries instructions from the genes in the nucleus of the cell to guide how the ribosomes assemble amino acids into proteins

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

86
Q

The basic units of nucleic acids which are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

A

nucleotides

87
Q

The building blocks of all nucleotides are

A

one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base.The nitrogen-containing bases of nucleotides. The two pentose sugars of DNA and RNA

88
Q

building blocks of all nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

89
Q

huge organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

A

Nucleic acids

90
Q

forms the genetic code inside each cell and thus regulates most of the activities that occur in our cells throughout our lifetime

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

91
Q

carries instructions from the genes in the nucleus of the cell to guide how the ribosomes assemble amino acids into proteins.

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

92
Q

nucleotides, which are composed of

A

a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

93
Q

The basic units of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

94
Q

The basic units of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

95
Q

the principal energy-storing molecule in the body

A

adenosine triphosphate

96
Q

adenosine consits of

A

adenine and ribose

97
Q

ATP is made by

A

three phosphate groups connected to adenosine

98
Q

When energy is liberated from ATP, it is

A

decomposed to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphorus (P).

99
Q

manufactured from ADP and P using the energy supplied by various decomposition reactions, particularly that of glucose

A

ATP

100
Q

ATP produces energy responsible for

A

movement of muscles, movement of chromosomes during cell division, movement of structures within cells, transport of substances across cell membranes, and sythesis of larger molecules from smaller ones

101
Q

the enzyme that catalizes hydrolysis of ATP

A

atpase

102
Q

by addition of a water molecule, energy is liberated and leaves a molecule called

A

adenosine diphosphate

103
Q

the energy needed to attach a phosphate group to ADP in supplied mainly by the breakdown of glucose. the process is called

A

cellular respiration

104
Q

Describe hydrogen bonds and give two examples of their importance in cells

A

Hydrogen bonds are extremely weak bonds between two atoms. They are important for giving proteins and enzymes their three-dimensional shapes, bonding specialized molecules such as hormones and receptors, and binding enzymes to substrates.

105
Q

What is an ionic bond? Give an example of an inonically bonded molecule

A

An ionic bond is a weak bond between two oppositely charged ions. The bond breaks when the molecule is placed in water. An example is sodium chloride (table salt).

106
Q 
Give the approximate pH of the following:
Gastric juice                
Tomato juice               
Blood                            
Milk of magnesia
A

a) Gastric juice: 1.2–3.0
b) Tomato juice: 4.2
c) Blood: 7.35–7.45
d) Milk of magnesia: 10.5

107
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that differ slightly in mass. Different isotopes of the same element have the same number of protons, but more or less neutrons.

108
Q

Define the term base.

A

When put in water, a base is a substance that dissociates into hydroxyl (OH-) ions and one or more cations. A base also can be described as having the capacity to pick up one or more hydrogen (H+) ions.

109
Q

How is ATP the “energy currency” of the cell?

A

ATP releases energy stored in its two high-energy phosphate bonds.

110
Q

Define the term acid.

A

When put in water, an acid is a substance that dissociates into hydrogen ions and one or more anions.

111
Q

What is a buffer

A

A buffer is a combination of chemicals that minimizes changes in the pH of a solution when acids or bases are added

112
Q

Identify the monosaccharides, and give three common examples.

A

Monosaccharides are the simple sugars made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Examples are glucose, fructose, and deoxyribose.

113
Q

Describe the structure of DNA.

A

DNA is a large molecule consisting of two helically wound chains of nucleotides. The two chains are held together by hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous base pairs—adenine and thymine, and cytosine and granine.

114
Q

Describe the functions of water that make it useful in the body

A

a) Water is a good solvent.
b) Water participates in chemical reactions vital to cells.
c) Water absorbs heat without significantly changing temperature.
d) Water acts as a lubricant.

115
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids. Nucleotides are made up of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.

116
Q

Three important types of lipids

A

a) Triglycerides ― energy storage
b) Phospholipids ― membrane structure
c) Steroids ― hormones membrane structure

117
Q

List the four elements that make up about 96% of our body weight:

A

a) Carbon
b) Hydrogen
c) Oxygen
d) Nitrogen

118
Q

What are the four chemical groups of an amino acid?

A

Hydrogen, Amine, Carboxyl, Side chain (R group)

119
Q

what is a radioactive isotope

A

A radioactive isotope is an isotope that is unstable and emits radiation as it breaks down.

119
Q

what is a radioactive isotope

A

A radioactive isotope is an isotope that is unstable and emits radiation as it breaks down.

120
Q

Define the term salt, and give an example.

A

When put in water, a salt is a substance that dissociates into cations and anions neither of which is (H+) or (OH-). An example of a salt is sodium chloride.

121
Q

What kind of a net charge is carried by a cation?

A

A cation is a positively charged ion.

122
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

An electrolyte is a substance such as a salt, an acid, or a base, that, when put in water dissociates or ionizes into ions. In solution, electrolytes conduct an electric current.

123
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA chemically and physically?

A

Chemically, the RNA nucleotides are made up of the sugar ribose, whereas DNA nucleotides are made up of deoxyribose. Physically, RNA is usually a single-stranded molecule, whereas DNA is usually double-stranded. RNA uses the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, granine, and uracil; whereas DNA uses the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.

124
Q

Which of the following would be the smallest in size?

A

Electron

125
Q

Which of the following is the most abundant inorganic substance in humans?

A

Water

126
Q

The most plentiful lipid in the human body is:

A

Triglyceride

127
Q

The more _____________ ions are present in a solution, the more basic the solution.

A

Hydroxide

128
Q

Which of the following elements are found in carbohydrates

A

Oxygen/carbon/hydrogen

129
Q

What type of bonds hold water molecules together?

A

Covalent bonds

130
Q

Which of the following is considered to be neutral on the pH scale?

A

Pure water

131
Q

Steroids are classified as

A

Lipids

132
Q

“Saturated fat” is saturated with

A

Hydrogen

133
Q

The atoms of the isotopes of a particular element vary in their number of

A

Neutrons

134
Q

Which element is needed for clotting and muscle contraction, and contributes to the hardness of teeth and bone?

A

Calcium

Bio 1593 A&P 1 (4 decks)

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