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Bio 1593 A&P 1 > Module 1: Intro to Human Body > Flashcards

Module 1: Intro to Human Body Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

The study of structure & relationships among structures

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

Study of how body structures form

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3
Q

Define an Atom

A

Smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions

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4
Q

Define Molecules

A

Two or more atoms joined together

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5
Q

Define Cell

A

Basic structural & functional units of an organism

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6
Q

Define Tissue

A

Groups of specialized cells and the substances surrounding them that usually arise from a common ancestor & preform a certain special function

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7
Q

Organs

A

Structures of definite form that have specific functions & are composed of two or more different tissues

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8
Q

Systems

A

Consist of related organs that have a common function

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9
Q

Human organism

A

Collection of structurally & functionally intergrated systems

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10
Q

List the systems of the human body

A

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive

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11
Q

Organs of Integumentary system

A

Hair, skin, nails

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12
Q

Organs of skeletal system

A

Cartilage, bones, joints

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13
Q

Organs of muscular system

A

Skeletal muscles, tendons

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14
Q

Organs of nervous system

A

Brian, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

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15
Q

Organs of endocrine system

A

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes/ovaries

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16
Q

Organs of cardiovascular system

A

Heart, blood vessels

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17
Q

Organs of lymphatic system

A

Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels

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18
Q

Organs of respiratory system

A

Nasal passage, trachea, lungs

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19
Q

Organs of digestive system

A

Stomach, liver, gallbladder, large intestine, small intestine

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20
Q

Organs of urinary system

A

Kidneys, urinary bladder

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21
Q

Organs of Male reproductive system

A

Epidyimus, testes

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22
Q

Organs of female reproductive system

A

Mammary glands, ovaries, uterus

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23
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body including catabolism and anabolism

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24
Q

Responsiveness

A

The ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment

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25
Q

Movement

A

Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside of cells

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26
Q

Growth

A

Increase in size and complexity due to increase in number of cells, cell size, or both

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27
Q

Differentiation

A

Change in a cell from an unspecified state to a specialized state

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28
Q

Reproduction

A

Formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual

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29
Q

List the major life processes

A

Metabolism (including catabolism & anabolism), Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Reproduction

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30
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment, which is produced by the interplay of the body’s regulatory processes

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31
Q

Homeostasis is regulated by what systems

A

Nervous & endocrine systems acting together or independently

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32
Q

How does the nervous system regulate homeostasis

A

Via nerve impulses to counter act a disruption

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33
Q

How does the endocrine system regulate homeostasis

A

Via hormone secretion

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34
Q

Feedback system

A

Cycle of events through which information about that status of a condition is continually monitored & fed back to a central region

35
Q

Define stimulus

A

Any disruption that changes a controlled condition

36
Q

Components of a feedback system

A

A receptor, a control center and an effector

37
Q

Define a receptor

A

Monitors changes in a controlled condition & sends input as nerve impulses or chemical signals to a control center

38
Q

Define a control center

A

Sets the range of values for the maintenance of a controlled condition; evaluates the input received from the receptors, & generates output commands when needed

39
Q

Define an effector

A

A body structure, that receives output from the control center & produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition

40
Q

Components of a feedback system

A

Stimulus - controlled condition - receptors - control center - effector - response

41
Q

Receptor

A

Monitors controlled condition and sends input as nerve impulses or chemical signals to a control center

42
Q

Control center

A

Sets the range of values for the maintenance of a controlled condition, evaluates the input received from the receptors, & generates output commands when needed

43
Q

An effector

A

(Body structure) that receives output from the control center & produces a response or effect that changes a controlled condition

44
Q

Define a negative feedback system, provide an example

A

If a response reverses the original stimulus. The homeostasis of body temperature

45
Q

Define positive feedback system, provide example

A

Response enhances the original stimulus, normal childbirth

46
Q

Disruption of homeostasis can lead to

A

Disease & death

47
Q

Disorder

A

Is a general term for abnormality of function

48
Q

Disease is

A

More specific term for an illness characterized by set of sign & symptoms

49
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer for ex headache or nausea

50
Q

Signs

A

Objective changes that a clinician can observe & measure ex. Fever or rash

51
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head, or upper part of structure

52
Q

Inferior

A

Away from head, or lower part of a structure

53
Q

Anterior

A

Nearer to or at the front of the body

54
Q

Posterior

A

Nearer to or at the back of the body

55
Q

Medial

A

Nearer to the midline, an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right & left sides

56
Q

Lateral

A

Father from the midline or midsagittal plane

57
Q

Indeterminate

A

Between two structures

58
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body as another structure

59
Q

Contra lateral

A

On the opposite side of the body from another structure

60
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the point of origin or begining

61
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; father from the point of origin or the beginning

62
Q

Superficial

A

Toward or on the surface of the body

63
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface

64
Q

Name the body cavities

A

Cranial cavity, vertebral cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity: abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity

65
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Formed by cranial bones & contains brain

66
Q

Vertebral cavity

A

Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

67
Q

Thoracic cavity contents

A

Pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, mediastinum

68
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura

69
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Surrounds the heart; the serious membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium

70
Q

Mediastinum

A

Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column & from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels

71
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder , small intestine, and most of large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum

72
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction

73
Q

Name the abdominopelvic regions

A

R hypogastric, epigastric, L hypogastric, r lumbar, umbilical, l lumbar, r illiac, hypogastric, l illiac

74
Q

Abdominopelvic quadrants

A

Right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

75
Q

List & order the levels of organization in the human body

A
  1. chemical
  2. cellular
  3. tissue
  4. system
  5. organism
76
Q

The change that a cell undergoes from unspecialized to a specialized state

A

Differentiation

77
Q

The human skin is what system

A

Integumentary

78
Q

Which plane divides the body into right & left sections

A

Sagittal

79
Q

Dorsal body cavities

A

cranial & vertebral

80
Q

Relationship between navel and your right shoulder

A

Inferior and medial

81
Q

Nearer to the front of the body

A

Anterior

82
Q

Farther from midline

A

Lateral

83
Q

If a response enhances an original stimulus the system is classified as a

A

Positive feedback loop

84
Q

Reverses a change in a controlled condition

A

Negative feedback system

Bio 1593 A&P 1 (4 decks)

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