Module 1: Intro to Human Body Flashcards
Define Anatomy
The study of structure & relationships among structures
Define Physiology
Study of how body structures form
Define an Atom
Smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions
Define Molecules
Two or more atoms joined together
Define Cell
Basic structural & functional units of an organism
Define Tissue
Groups of specialized cells and the substances surrounding them that usually arise from a common ancestor & preform a certain special function
Organs
Structures of definite form that have specific functions & are composed of two or more different tissues
Systems
Consist of related organs that have a common function
Human organism
Collection of structurally & functionally intergrated systems
List the systems of the human body
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive
Organs of Integumentary system
Hair, skin, nails
Organs of skeletal system
Cartilage, bones, joints
Organs of muscular system
Skeletal muscles, tendons
Organs of nervous system
Brian, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
Organs of endocrine system
Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes/ovaries
Organs of cardiovascular system
Heart, blood vessels
Organs of lymphatic system
Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels
Organs of respiratory system
Nasal passage, trachea, lungs
Organs of digestive system
Stomach, liver, gallbladder, large intestine, small intestine
Organs of urinary system
Kidneys, urinary bladder
Organs of Male reproductive system
Epidyimus, testes
Organs of female reproductive system
Mammary glands, ovaries, uterus
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body including catabolism and anabolism
Responsiveness
The ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment
Movement
Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside of cells
Growth
Increase in size and complexity due to increase in number of cells, cell size, or both
Differentiation
Change in a cell from an unspecified state to a specialized state
Reproduction
Formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual
List the major life processes
Metabolism (including catabolism & anabolism), Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Reproduction
Define homeostasis
Condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment, which is produced by the interplay of the body’s regulatory processes
Homeostasis is regulated by what systems
Nervous & endocrine systems acting together or independently
How does the nervous system regulate homeostasis
Via nerve impulses to counter act a disruption
How does the endocrine system regulate homeostasis
Via hormone secretion
Feedback system
Cycle of events through which information about that status of a condition is continually monitored & fed back to a central region
Define stimulus
Any disruption that changes a controlled condition
Components of a feedback system
A receptor, a control center and an effector
Define a receptor
Monitors changes in a controlled condition & sends input as nerve impulses or chemical signals to a control center
Define a control center
Sets the range of values for the maintenance of a controlled condition; evaluates the input received from the receptors, & generates output commands when needed
Define an effector
A body structure, that receives output from the control center & produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
Components of a feedback system
Stimulus - controlled condition - receptors - control center - effector - response
Receptor
Monitors controlled condition and sends input as nerve impulses or chemical signals to a control center
Control center
Sets the range of values for the maintenance of a controlled condition, evaluates the input received from the receptors, & generates output commands when needed
An effector
(Body structure) that receives output from the control center & produces a response or effect that changes a controlled condition
Define a negative feedback system, provide an example
If a response reverses the original stimulus. The homeostasis of body temperature
Define positive feedback system, provide example
Response enhances the original stimulus, normal childbirth
Disruption of homeostasis can lead to
Disease & death
Disorder
Is a general term for abnormality of function
Disease is
More specific term for an illness characterized by set of sign & symptoms
Symptoms
Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer for ex headache or nausea
Signs
Objective changes that a clinician can observe & measure ex. Fever or rash
Superior
Toward the head, or upper part of structure
Inferior
Away from head, or lower part of a structure
Anterior
Nearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior
Nearer to or at the back of the body
Medial
Nearer to the midline, an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right & left sides
Lateral
Father from the midline or midsagittal plane
Indeterminate
Between two structures
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body as another structure
Contra lateral
On the opposite side of the body from another structure
Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the point of origin or begining
Distal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; father from the point of origin or the beginning
Superficial
Toward or on the surface of the body
Deep
Away from the surface
Name the body cavities
Cranial cavity, vertebral cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity: abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
Cranial cavity
Formed by cranial bones & contains brain
Vertebral cavity
Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
Thoracic cavity contents
Pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, mediastinum
Pleural cavity
Each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura
Pericardial cavity
Surrounds the heart; the serious membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium
Mediastinum
Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column & from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
Abdominal cavity
Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder , small intestine, and most of large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum
Pelvic cavity
Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction
Name the abdominopelvic regions
R hypogastric, epigastric, L hypogastric, r lumbar, umbilical, l lumbar, r illiac, hypogastric, l illiac
Abdominopelvic quadrants
Right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower
List & order the levels of organization in the human body
- chemical
- cellular
- tissue
- system
- organism
The change that a cell undergoes from unspecialized to a specialized state
Differentiation
The human skin is what system
Integumentary
Which plane divides the body into right & left sections
Sagittal
Dorsal body cavities
cranial & vertebral
Relationship between navel and your right shoulder
Inferior and medial
Nearer to the front of the body
Anterior
Farther from midline
Lateral
If a response enhances an original stimulus the system is classified as a
Positive feedback loop
Reverses a change in a controlled condition
Negative feedback system
