Module 3 - Axial Skeleton Flashcards by Elanie Ababao

forms the axis of the human body; framework to support and protect

Axial Skeleton

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

top of the head to tail bone; surface for muscle attachments

Axial Skeleton

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

80 bones: skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs, ear ossicles, hyoid bones

Axial Skeleton

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

consist of 22 bones
cranial bones
facial bones
cavities

Skull

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

brain, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth

cavities (skull)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

sound production
consist of 6 bones

ear ossicles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

attachment for tongue and muscles of mastication
1 bone

Hyoid bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

consist of 26 bones
flexible column from neck to trunk
about 71cm
anterior flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation

Vertebral Column/Spinal Column

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

flat bone at chest midline
forms rib cage together w/ the ribs
1 bone

sternum/breastbone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

12 pairs = 24 bones

ribs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

most modified part of axial skeleton

skull

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

support brain and organs of special senses
protect brain from external impacts
contain openings that lead to digestive, respiratory tract, and skull

functions of skull

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the two division of skull bone

cerebral cranium/cranial bones and facial/visceral cranium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the braincase and made up of 8 bones

cerebral cranium/cranial bones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

division of skull bone which is made up of 14 bones

facial/visceral cranium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

forms the forehead and superior surface of each eye socket or orbit

(cranial bones) - frontal bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

either side of the skull, found posterior to the frontal bone
forms the roof and superior walls of cranium

cranial bone - parietal bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

forms posterior and inferior of cranium
contacts to parietal bones at LAMBOIDAL SUTURE

cranial bone - occipital bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

admits the spinal cord to the cranial cavity
- in occipital bone

Foramen magnum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

where the skull rests on vertebral column

occipital condyle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

lying below the parietal bones
when it comes to contacts to parietal bone it forms SQUAMOSAL SUTURE

cranial bone - temporal bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

forms the floor of cranium; acts as bridge uniting cranial and facial bones

cranial bone - sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

consists of two honeycombed masses of bone
- forms part of cranial floor, contributes to medial surface of the orbit of each eye, forms the roof and sides of nasal cavity

cranial bone - ethmoid bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

articulates with all other facial bones except mandible

facial bones - maxillary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

form the posterior surface of the bony hard palate or roof of the mouth

facial bones - palatine bones

articulates the frontal bone and maxilla to complete the lateral wall of orbit

facial bones - zygomatic bones

forming the bridge of the nose midway between the orbits articulates the frontal bones and the maxillary bones

facial bones - nasal bones

found within the medial wall of orbit; articulate the frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

facial bones - lacrimal bones

the paired inferior nasal conchae projects from the lateral wall of nasal cavity

facial bones - inferior nasal conchae

forms a broad, horizontal curve that on either side extends into two vertical processes - more posterior process, articulates w/ mandibular fossa of temporal bone on that side - the articulation is quite mobile, can easily be dislocated

facial bones - mandibular

chain of three mobile ossicle; transfers sound waves across tympanic cavity

ossicles

named the three auditory ossicles

malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)

small u-shaped bone hangs below the skull

hyoid bone

serves a base for muscles associated w/ tongue and larynx supports and stabilizes the position of larynx

functions of hyoid bone

what are the 8 bones in cerebral cranium/cranial bones

frontal - 1 parietal - 2 occipital - 1 temporal - 2 sphenoid - 1 ethmoid - 1

what are the 14 bones in facial/visceral cranium

zygomatic - 2 maxillae - 2 nasal - 2 lacrimal - 2 vomer - 1 palatine - 2 inferior concha - 2 mandible - 1

- comprises 33 vertebral segments, each separated by fibrocartilaginous discs - support trunk and protect spinal cord - lies in general vertebrate plane, median and posterior to whole body

vertebral column

classification of vertebra, according to region they occupy: for cervical?

8% of the whole body

classification of vertebra, according to region they occupy: thoracic?

20%

classification of vertebra, according to region they occupy: lumbar?

12%

classification of vertebra, according to region they occupy: sacrococcygeal?

bones comprising cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions which maintain separate throughout life

true or movable vertebra

bones comprising the sacral and coccygeal regions which in adults fuse into the sacrum and coccyx respectively

false or fixed vertebrae

curvatures of the vertebral column: appear in late fetal development, as thoracic and abdominal viscera enlarge concave anteriorly exists in fetal life for accommodation of thoracic and pelvic organs

primary curves

concave forwards or kyphotic extends between T2 to T12, w/ apex lying between 6th and 9th thoracic vertebrae

thoracic curve

concave anteroinferiorly involves sacrum and coccygeal vertebrae extends from lumbosacral junction to the apex of coccyx

pelvic curve

these spinal curves do not appear until months after birth convex anteriorly develops after birth for maintenance of balance in upright position

secondary curves

- convex forward and least marked - extends from atlas to second thoracic vertebra, its apex between 4th and 5th cervical vertebrae - developed when infant can support its head at 3 to 4 months

cervical curve

convex forward has greater magnitude in females and extends from twelfth thoracic vertebra to lumbosacral angle its apex is at the level of 3rd lumbar vertebra

lumbar curve

exaggerated thoracic curve; results from the erosion of anterior portion of one or more vertebral body

kyphosis

exaggerated lumbar curve, accompanied by the downward rotation of pelvis; seen in later stages of pregnancy

lordosis

abnormal lateral curve usually to the right, involves rotation of the column which the spinous process of vertebrae turn toward concavity of curvature

scoliosis

General vertebral features: - transmits even greater forces because of muscles attached to it - forms a strong but flexible central axis of body supporting the full weight of head and trunk

body

General vertebral features: extends by a lever-like processes has vertically narrower ventral part, pedicle, and dorsally broader lamina on each side

vertebral arch

General vertebral features: formed by a series of vertebrae enclosing spinal cord

vertebral foramen

General vertebral features: arises from vertebral arch at the pedicolaminar junction the superior articular processes projects cranially inferior articular processes bulge caudally

paired superior & inferior articular processes

short thick, rounded projections from superior part of body at the junction of its lateral and dorsal surfaces

pedicles

General vertebral features: project laterally from pedicolaminar junctions as levers of muscles and ligaments

transverse processes

General vertebral features: directly continuous w/ pedicles, vertically flattened curve

Laminae

General vertebral features: projects dorsally and often caudally from junction of laminae act as levers for muscles which controls posture and active movements of vertebral column

spine

smallest of the movable vertebrae typified by a foramen on each transverse processes

cervical vertebrae

supports the head and unique in that it fails to incorporate a centrum

atlas/first cervical vertebra/ C1

cranial protuberance of the axis known as?

atlas/first cervical vertebra/c1

second cervical vertebra, is an axle rotation for the atlas and the head around strong dens (odontoid process) presence of dens

Axis/ Epistropheus/ C2

the spinous process of this cervical vertebra is not bifid

7th cervical vertebra (C7)

twelve, increase in size caudally like other vertebrae all their bodies present lateral, costal facets for head and rib

thoracic vertebrae

five, distinguished by large size and absence of costal facets and transverse foramina; located in the posterior abdominal wall

lumbar vertebra

triangular, larger than thoracic but smaller than cervical

vertebral foramen

large, triangular fusion of five vertebrae posterosuperior wall of pelvic cavity articulates w/ coccyx

sacrum

sacral foramina transverse ridges

pelvic surface

median sacral crest sacral hiatus dorsal sacral foramina Intermediate sacral crests lateral sacral crest sacral cornua

Dorsal surface

auricular/ articular surface

lateral surface

small triangular bone first being separated four fused rudimentary vertebrae but the number varies from five to three

coccyx

base transverse process rudimentary vertebral bodies

coccyx

an osteocartilaginous frame around principal organs of respiration and circulations narrow above, broad below, flattened anteroposteriorly, longer behind

thorax

Location of the Thorax: includes thoracic vertebrae and posterior parts of ribs

posteriorly

Location of the Thorax: the sternum, anterior parts of ribs and costal cartilages

anteriorly

Location of the Thorax: thorax is convex and formed by ribs alone

laterally

consists of cranial manubrium ( prosternum), intermediate body (mesosternum), and a caudal xiphoid process (metasternum)

sternum

highly vascular trabecular bone medulla contains red bone marrow

sternum

- jugular (suprasternal) notch - clavicular notches

Manubrium Sterni

Longer, narrower, and thinner than the manubrium

mesosternum (body)

smallest and most variable sternal element

xiphoid process (xiphisternum, metasternum)

elastic arches connected posteriorly w/ vertebral column forming much of thoracic skeleton

ribs

twelve pairs many be increased by cervical or lumbar ribs or reduced to eleven by the absence of last pair

ribs

ribs 1 to 7, connected to sternum by costal cartilages and posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae

true ribs (vertebrosternal ribs)

ribs 8 to 12, not directly attached to sternum but to the preceding cartilages

false ribs

ribs 8 to 10 whose cartilages joins the suprajacent costal cartilage of the 7th rib

false ribs proper (vertebrochondral ribs)

ribs 11 to 12, free at their anterior ends

floating ribs (vertebral ribs)

shaft the neck is flat part beyond the head internal surface is smoot and marked by costal groove head presents two facets posterior, vertebral end has a head, neck, and tubercle

typical rib

most acutely curved and usually shortest broad and flat slopes obliquely down and forwards to sternal end

the first rib