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GENERAL ANATOMY > Module 3 - Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Module 3 - Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

forms the axis of the human body; framework to support and protect

A

Axial Skeleton

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2
Q

top of the head to tail bone; surface for muscle attachments

A

Axial Skeleton

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3
Q

80 bones: skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs, ear ossicles, hyoid bones

A

Axial Skeleton

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4
Q

consist of 22 bones
cranial bones
facial bones
cavities

A

Skull

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5
Q

brain, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth

A

cavities (skull)

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6
Q

sound production
consist of 6 bones

A

ear ossicles

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7
Q

attachment for tongue and muscles of mastication
1 bone

A

Hyoid bone

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8
Q

consist of 26 bones
flexible column from neck to trunk
about 71cm
anterior flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation

A

Vertebral Column/Spinal Column

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9
Q

flat bone at chest midline
forms rib cage together w/ the ribs
1 bone

A

sternum/breastbone

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10
Q

12 pairs = 24 bones

A

ribs

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11
Q

most modified part of axial skeleton

A

skull

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12
Q

support brain and organs of special senses
protect brain from external impacts
contain openings that lead to digestive, respiratory tract, and skull

A

functions of skull

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13
Q

what is the two division of skull bone

A

cerebral cranium/cranial bones and facial/visceral cranium

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14
Q

the braincase and made up of 8 bones

A

cerebral cranium/cranial bones

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15
Q

division of skull bone which is made up of 14 bones

A

facial/visceral cranium

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16
Q

forms the forehead and superior surface of each eye socket or orbit

A

(cranial bones) - frontal bone

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17
Q

either side of the skull, found posterior to the frontal bone
forms the roof and superior walls of cranium

A

cranial bone - parietal bone

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18
Q

forms posterior and inferior of cranium
contacts to parietal bones at LAMBOIDAL SUTURE

A

cranial bone - occipital bone

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19
Q

admits the spinal cord to the cranial cavity
- in occipital bone

A

Foramen magnum

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20
Q

where the skull rests on vertebral column

A

occipital condyle

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21
Q

lying below the parietal bones
when it comes to contacts to parietal bone it forms SQUAMOSAL SUTURE

A

cranial bone - temporal bone

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22
Q

forms the floor of cranium; acts as bridge uniting cranial and facial bones

A

cranial bone - sphenoid bone

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23
Q

consists of two honeycombed masses of bone
- forms part of cranial floor, contributes to medial surface of the orbit of each eye, forms the roof and sides of nasal cavity

A

cranial bone - ethmoid bone

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24
Q

articulates with all other facial bones except mandible

A

facial bones - maxillary

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25
Q

form the posterior surface of the bony hard palate or roof of the mouth

A

facial bones - palatine bones

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26
Q

articulates the frontal bone and maxilla to complete the lateral wall of orbit

A

facial bones - zygomatic bones

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27
Q

forming the bridge of the nose midway between the orbits
articulates the frontal bones and the maxillary bones

A

facial bones - nasal bones

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28
Q

found within the medial wall of orbit; articulate the frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

A

facial bones - lacrimal bones

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29
Q

the paired inferior nasal conchae projects from the lateral wall of nasal cavity

A

facial bones - inferior nasal conchae

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30
Q

forms a broad, horizontal curve that on either side extends into two vertical processes
- more posterior process, articulates w/ mandibular fossa of temporal bone on that side
- the articulation is quite mobile, can easily be dislocated

A

facial bones - mandibular

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31
Q

chain of three mobile ossicle; transfers sound waves across tympanic cavity

A

ossicles

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32
Q

named the three auditory ossicles

A

malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)

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33
Q

small u-shaped bone hangs below the skull

A

hyoid bone

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34
Q

serves a base for muscles associated w/ tongue and larynx
supports and stabilizes the position of larynx

A

functions of hyoid bone

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35
Q

what are the 8 bones in cerebral cranium/cranial bones

A

frontal - 1
parietal - 2
occipital - 1
temporal - 2
sphenoid - 1
ethmoid - 1

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36
Q

what are the 14 bones in facial/visceral cranium

A

zygomatic - 2
maxillae - 2
nasal - 2
lacrimal - 2
vomer - 1
palatine - 2
inferior concha - 2
mandible - 1

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37
Q
  • comprises 33 vertebral segments, each separated by fibrocartilaginous discs
  • support trunk and protect spinal cord
  • lies in general vertebrate plane, median and posterior to whole body
A

vertebral column

38
Q

classification of vertebra, according to region they occupy:
for cervical?

A

8% of the whole body

39
Q

classification of vertebra, according to region they occupy:
thoracic?

A

20%

40
Q

classification of vertebra, according to region they occupy:
lumbar?

A

12%

41
Q

classification of vertebra, according to region they occupy:
sacrococcygeal?

A

8%

42
Q

bones comprising cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions which maintain separate throughout life

A

true or movable vertebra

43
Q

bones comprising the sacral and coccygeal regions which in adults fuse into the sacrum and coccyx respectively

A

false or fixed vertebrae

44
Q

curvatures of the vertebral column:
appear in late fetal development, as thoracic and abdominal viscera enlarge

concave anteriorly
exists in fetal life
for accommodation of thoracic and pelvic organs

A

primary curves

45
Q

concave forwards or kyphotic
extends between T2 to T12, w/ apex lying between 6th and 9th thoracic vertebrae

A

thoracic curve

46
Q

concave anteroinferiorly
involves sacrum and coccygeal vertebrae
extends from lumbosacral junction to the apex of coccyx

A

pelvic curve

47
Q

these spinal curves do not appear until months after birth

convex anteriorly
develops after birth
for maintenance of balance in upright position

A

secondary curves

48
Q
  • convex forward and least marked
  • extends from atlas to second thoracic vertebra, its apex between 4th and 5th cervical vertebrae
  • developed when infant can support its head at 3 to 4 months
A

cervical curve

49
Q

convex forward
has greater magnitude in females and extends from twelfth thoracic vertebra to lumbosacral angle
its apex is at the level of 3rd lumbar vertebra

A

lumbar curve

50
Q

exaggerated thoracic curve; results from the erosion of anterior portion of one or more vertebral body

A

kyphosis

51
Q

exaggerated lumbar curve, accompanied by the downward rotation of pelvis; seen in later stages of pregnancy

A

lordosis

52
Q

abnormal lateral curve usually to the right, involves rotation of the column which the spinous process of vertebrae turn toward concavity of curvature

A

scoliosis

53
Q

General vertebral features:
- transmits even greater forces because of muscles attached to it
- forms a strong but flexible central axis of body supporting the full weight of head and trunk

A

body

54
Q

General vertebral features:
extends by a lever-like processes
has vertically narrower ventral part, pedicle, and dorsally broader lamina on each side

A

vertebral arch

55
Q

General vertebral features:
formed by a series of vertebrae enclosing spinal cord

A

vertebral foramen

56
Q

General vertebral features:
arises from vertebral arch at the pedicolaminar junction
the superior articular processes projects cranially
inferior articular processes bulge caudally

A

paired superior & inferior articular processes

57
Q

short thick, rounded projections from superior part of body at the junction of its lateral and dorsal surfaces

A

pedicles

58
Q

General vertebral features:
project laterally from pedicolaminar junctions as levers of muscles and ligaments

A

transverse processes

59
Q

General vertebral features:
directly continuous w/ pedicles, vertically flattened curve

A

Laminae

60
Q

General vertebral features:
projects dorsally and often caudally from junction of laminae
act as levers for muscles which controls posture and active movements of vertebral column

A

spine

61
Q

smallest of the movable vertebrae
typified by a foramen on each transverse processes

A

cervical vertebrae

62
Q

supports the head and unique in that it fails to incorporate a centrum

A

atlas/first cervical vertebra/ C1

63
Q

cranial protuberance of the axis known as?

A

atlas/first cervical vertebra/c1

64
Q

second cervical vertebra, is an axle rotation for the atlas and the head around strong dens (odontoid process)

presence of dens

A

Axis/ Epistropheus/ C2

65
Q

the spinous process of this cervical vertebra is not bifid

A

7th cervical vertebra (C7)

66
Q

twelve, increase in size caudally like other vertebrae
all their bodies present lateral, costal facets for head and rib

A

thoracic vertebrae

67
Q

five, distinguished by large size and absence of costal facets and transverse foramina; located in the posterior abdominal wall

A

lumbar vertebra

68
Q

triangular, larger than thoracic but smaller than cervical

A

vertebral foramen

69
Q

large, triangular fusion of five vertebrae
posterosuperior wall of pelvic cavity
articulates w/ coccyx

A

sacrum

70
Q

sacral foramina
transverse ridges

A

pelvic surface

71
Q

median sacral crest
sacral hiatus
dorsal sacral foramina
Intermediate sacral crests
lateral sacral crest
sacral cornua

A

Dorsal surface

72
Q

auricular/ articular surface

A

lateral surface

73
Q

small triangular bone
first being separated
four fused rudimentary vertebrae but the number varies from five to three

A

coccyx

74
Q

base
transverse process
rudimentary vertebral bodies

A

coccyx

75
Q

an osteocartilaginous frame around principal organs of respiration and circulations
narrow above, broad below, flattened anteroposteriorly, longer behind

A

thorax

76
Q

Location of the Thorax:
includes thoracic vertebrae and posterior parts of ribs

A

posteriorly

77
Q

Location of the Thorax:
the sternum, anterior parts of ribs and costal cartilages

A

anteriorly

78
Q

Location of the Thorax:
thorax is convex and formed by ribs alone

A

laterally

79
Q

consists of cranial manubrium (
prosternum), intermediate body
(mesosternum), and a caudal
xiphoid process (metasternum)

A

sternum

80
Q

highly vascular trabecular bone
medulla contains red bone marrow

A

sternum

81
Q
  • jugular (suprasternal) notch
  • clavicular notches
A

Manubrium Sterni

82
Q

Longer,
narrower, and thinner than the
manubrium

A

mesosternum (body)

83
Q

smallest and most variable sternal element

A

xiphoid process (xiphisternum, metasternum)

84
Q

elastic arches
connected posteriorly w/ vertebral column
forming much of thoracic skeleton

A

ribs

85
Q

twelve pairs many be increased by cervical or lumbar ribs or reduced to eleven by the absence of last pair

A

ribs

86
Q

ribs 1 to 7, connected to sternum by costal cartilages and posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae

A

true ribs (vertebrosternal ribs)

87
Q

ribs 8 to 12, not directly attached to sternum but to the preceding cartilages

A

false ribs

88
Q

ribs 8 to 10 whose cartilages joins the suprajacent costal cartilage of the 7th rib

A

false ribs proper (vertebrochondral ribs)

89
Q

ribs 11 to 12, free at their anterior ends

A

floating ribs (vertebral ribs)

90
Q

shaft
the neck is flat part beyond the head
internal surface is smoot and marked by costal groove
head presents two facets
posterior, vertebral end has a head, neck, and tubercle

A

typical rib

91
Q

most acutely curved and usually shortest
broad and flat
slopes obliquely down and forwards to sternal end

A

the first rib

GENERAL ANATOMY (3 decks)

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