Module 3 - Appendicular (Upper Extremity) Flashcards by Elanie Ababao

includes the bones of upper and lower extremities

appendicular skeleton

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126 bones: 64 upper limb, 62 lower limb

appendicular skeleton

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what are the bones in upper extremities?

scapula - 2
clavicle - 2
humerus - 2
ulna - 2
radius - 2
carpals - 16
metacarpals - 10
phalanges - 28

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dermal and endochondral development
two principal components: clavicle & scapula, which remains separate
no articulation w/ vertebral column
lightly built for mobility

pectoral girdle

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no direct ventral articulation (only connected by interclavicular ligament)
resilient to thrust
shallow joint w/ limb, allowing wide range of movement

pectoral girdle

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large, flat, triangular bone, overlaps in part ff second to the seventh ribs on the posterolateral thoracic aspect

articulates with humerus and clavicle

scapula

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name scapula three borders

superior borders
lateral borders
medial borders

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name the three angles of scapula

inferior angle
superior angle
lateral angle

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name the three processes of scapula

spinous
acromion
coracoid

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state the three fossae of scapula

supraspinous
infraspinous
subscapular

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overlies seventh rib or intercostals space

inferior angle

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located the junction of the superior and medial borders

superior angle

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truncated and broad, the head, bearing GLENOID CAVITY and forming glenohumeral joint with humerus

above glenoid cavity is a small, round SUPRAGLENOID TUBERCLE which encroaches on the root of coracoid process

Lateral angle

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broad and flattened; extends laterally and anteriorly overhanging the shoulder

acromion process

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triangular plate of bone attached by its anterior border to the dorsum of scapula

spine of the scapula

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arises from summit of scapular head and hooks slightly laterally and forwards

coracoid process

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depression above the spine and contains supraspinatus muscles

supraspinous fossa

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depression below the spine and contains infraspinatus muscle

infraspinous fossa

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concavity on anterior or costal surface and contains subscapularis muscle

subscapular fossa

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extends laterally and
almost horizontally across the neck
from the manubrium to the acromion,
being wholly subcutaneous.

clavicle

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lateral, acromial end articulates
with the medial aspect of the
acromion

clavicle

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struts the shoulder and
enables the limbs to swing clear
of the trunk

clavicle

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shaft is sinuous, being
convex forwards in its medial
two-thirds, and concave
forwards lateral to this.

clavicle

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longest and largest bone in upper limb, expanded ends and a shaft
proximally round head forms w/ scapular glenoid cavity

the distal end, termed “condylar” is adapted to the forearm bones at the elbow joint

Humerus

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Humerus - Proximal End: at proximal end and slightly less half a spheroid; the articular surface is covered by hyaline cartilage, thicker centrally

Head

Humerus - Proximal End: directly adjoining the articular head's margin

anatomical neck

Humerus - Proximal End: humeral proximal ends tapers into the shaft as an ill defined?

surgical neck

Humerus - Proximal End: anterior and just beyond the anatomical neck

lesser tubercle (tuberosity)

Humerus - Proximal End: most lateral part of the proximal end of the humerus

greater tubercle (tuberosity)

Humerus - Proximal End: between the tubercles

intertubercular sulcus

Humerus - Shaft: three borders of shaft

anterior/posterior border lateral border medial border

Humerus - Distal End: basically a modified condyle wider transversely and has articular and non-articular parts

Distal End - Humerus

Humerus - Distal End: what is the articular part joins with the radius and ulna?

capitulum and trochlea

Humerus - Distal End: what are the non-articular condyle?

medial epicondyle lateral epicondyle olecranon coronoid radial fossae

Humerus - Distal End: articulates with discoid radial head, which abuts the inferior surface in full extension but slides on anterior surface during flexion

capitulum

Humerus - Distal End: articulates with trochlear notch of ulna

Trochlea

Humerus - Distal End: blunt medial projection on medial condyle; subcutaneous; visible during passive flexion medial humeral border ends at medial epicondyle and distal to medial supracondylar ridge

medial epicondyle

Humerus - Distal End: lateral non-articular part of condyle; does not project beyond lateral border lateral humeral border ends at lateral epicondyle, extending proximally, its distal part, the lateral supracondylar ridge

lateral epicondyle

Humerus - Distal End: the distal end...?

olecranon coronoid radial fossae

lateral in the forearm; has expanded proximal and distal ends, the distal much broader shaft widens rapidly towards distal end; convex laterally and concave anteriorly in distal part

radius

Radius - Proximal End: discoid, its proximal surface has a shallow cup for the humeral capitulum

head

Radius - Proximal End:

Radius - Proximal End: smooth; vertically deepest medially, where it contacts the ulnar radial notch

articular periphery

Radius - Proximal End: the constriction distal to the head, which overhangs it, especially on lateral side

neck

Radius - Proximal End: is distal to the medial part of the neck; is posteriorly rough but anteriorly usually smooth

tuberosity

Radius - Shaft: has lateral convexity but only its ------ ---- is sharp

interosseous border

Radius - Shaft: obvious at both ends but rounded and indefinite between them

anterior border

Radius - Shaft: well-defined only in its middle third; largely flat but may be slightly hollow in the proximal area

posterior border

Radius - Shaft: greatly convex

lateral surface

Radius - Proximal End:

Radius - Distal End: slightly rough, projecting distally as a styloid process palpable when tendons around it are slack

lateral surface

Radius - Distal End: smooth ---- ----- -----, divided by a ridge into medial and lateral areas

carpal articular surface

Radius - Distal End: a thick, prominent ridge, palpable even through overlying tendons

anterior surface

Radius - Distal End: is the ulnar notch; smooth, anteroposteriorly concave for articulation with ulna's head

medial surface

is medial to the radius in the supinated forearm; its proximal end is a massive hook, concave forwards; shaft's lateral border is a sharp crest bone diminishes progressively from its proximal mass throughout its whole length

ulna

Ulna - Proximal End: bent forward at its summit like beak, which enters the humeral olecranon fossa in extension

olecranon process

Ulna - Proximal End: projects anteriorly distal to the olecranon process

coronoid process

Ulna - Proximal End: distal to which, on lateral surface, is a shallow, smooth, oval ---- --- for articulation with radial head

radial notch

Ulna - Proximal End: the coronoid's anterior surface is triangular; distal part

tuberosity of the ulna

Ulna - Proximal End: articulates with trochlea of the humerus

trochlear notch

Ulna - Proximal End: an oval proximal depression on the lateral aspect of the coronoid; articulates with the periphery of radial head

radial notch

Ulna - Shaft: is a conspicuous lateral crest in its middle half

interosseous border

Ulna - Shaft: proximally continuous with posterior border of a depression distal to radial notch as the?

supinator crest

Ulna - Shaft: rounded ---- --- commences medial to the ulnar tuberosity

anterior border

Ulna - Shaft: also rounded

posterior border

Ulna - Distal End: visible in pronation on the posteromedial carpal aspect; can be gripped when supinated hand is flexed

head

carpus contains eight bones in proximal and distal rows of four

carpals

Carpals: proximally, in lateral to medial order are?

scaphoid lunate triquetral pisiform

Carpals: distal row, are composed of?

trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate

Carpals: the ----- is the largest element in proximal row; has long axis which is distal, lateral, and slightly palmar in direction

scaphoid or navicular

Carpals: semilunar; moon-shaped, articulates between scaphoid and triquetral

lunate

Carpals: pyramidal or triangular in shape; bears an oval isolated facet for articulation w/ the pisiform on its distal palmar surface

Triquetral

Carpals: shaped like pea, with dorsal flat articular facet for triquetral

pisiform

Carpals: has a tubercle and groove on its rough palmar surface

Trapezium or Greater Multangular

Carpals: small and irregular; has rough palmar surface narrower and smaller than its rough dorsal surface; former invading the lateral aspect

Trapezoid or Lesser Multangular

Carpals: central and largest carpal bone; head-like and articulates w/ third metacarpal base, its triangular distal surface concavoconvex for this

Capitate

Carpals: is cuneiform w/ an unciform hamulus (hook), projecting from distal part of its rough palmar surface

Hamate

composed of five metacarpal bones; miniature long bones w/ distal head, shaft, and expanded base

Metacarpals

14 phalanges, three in each finger, two in the thumb; each has a head, shaft, and proximal base

Phalanges