Module 3 - Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
what is anatomy and what is physiology
anatomy: the study of the body’s parts or the body’s structure.
physiology: the study of how the body parts work or how the body functions.
Structure Determines Function
Function Determines Structure
(These two sciences are inseparable.)
what are the 6 levels of structural organization:
- chemical
- cellular
- tissue
- organ
- system
- organism
what is the chemical structure?
level 1 of structural organization
- Atoms are the smallest possible piece of an
element that retain all the properties of that
element.
– Ex: An atom of hydrogen reacts the same as a basket full of hydrogen
- The body is composed of atoms bonded together in various formations.
what is the cellular structure?
Level 2 of structural organization
- Cells are made up of many different types of molecules.
- While you breathe, cells exchange bad air for good.
- While you eat, cells produce enzymes (proteins that speed up a chemical reaction) that digest the food and convert the nutrients to a useable form of energy.
- Cells are basically the tiny motors that keep us running.
what is the tissue structure?
Level 3 of structural organization - Tissues are made up of cells that work together and perform the same function. - There are four classes of tissue: – Connective Tissue – Epithelial Tissue – Muscle Tissue – Nerve Tissue
what are organs?
Level 4 of structural organization
- An organ performs a specialized physiological function.
- For example, the stomach is made up of all
four types of tissue and has the function of
breaking down food.
what is a system?
Level 5 of structural organization
- An organ system is a group of specialized
organs working together to achieve a
specific function.
what is an organism?
Level 6 of structural organization
- All the systems of the body combined make up an
organism or human being.
- The organism (our body) is continuously fine tuning itself to maintain or restore balance among its systems. This process is called homeostasis.
- Anything that stresses the body (heat, cold, pain, etc…) creates a need for adaptation, which means the cells don’t work at the optimal level.
what is pH?
- pH stands for Power of Hydrogen.
- It is a numerical value that represents the acidity or alkalinity of a substance.
– The more hydrogen (H+) the more acidic
– The more hydroxide (OH-) the more alkaline
– A balance of H+ and OH- is neutral - The scale for pH runs from 0 to 14, with 0 representing pure acid and 14 representing pure alkalinity.
- pH scale represents exponential differences.
- Each pH unit represents a tenfold difference of the H+/OH- concentration.
- That means a pH of 2 is not twice as acidic as a pH of 4, it is 100 times more acidic than a pH of 4.
- While the pH scale is defined based on the hydrogen content of a substance, it is the OH- content that determines the alkalinity.
examples:
- A pH of 10 is 100 times more alkaline than a pH of 8.
- A pH of 12 is 10,000 times more alkaline than a pH of 8.
- A pH of 7 (neutral) is 1,000,000
times more alkaline than a pH of 1.
– It is equally correct to say a pH of 1 is 1,000,000 times more acidic than a pH of 7.
describe the anatomical position
- Face forward
- Look forward
- Arms hanging by your side
- Palms facing forward
superior
towards the head
inferior
towards the feet
anterior
toward the front
posterior
toward the back
lateral
horizontal/toward the side
