Module 3 - Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
what is anatomy and what is physiology
anatomy: the study of the body’s parts or the body’s structure.
physiology: the study of how the body parts work or how the body functions.
Structure Determines Function
Function Determines Structure
(These two sciences are inseparable.)
what are the 6 levels of structural organization:
- chemical
- cellular
- tissue
- organ
- system
- organism
what is the chemical structure?
level 1 of structural organization
- Atoms are the smallest possible piece of an
element that retain all the properties of that
element.
– Ex: An atom of hydrogen reacts the same as a basket full of hydrogen
- The body is composed of atoms bonded together in various formations.
what is the cellular structure?
Level 2 of structural organization
- Cells are made up of many different types of molecules.
- While you breathe, cells exchange bad air for good.
- While you eat, cells produce enzymes (proteins that speed up a chemical reaction) that digest the food and convert the nutrients to a useable form of energy.
- Cells are basically the tiny motors that keep us running.
what is the tissue structure?
Level 3 of structural organization - Tissues are made up of cells that work together and perform the same function. - There are four classes of tissue: – Connective Tissue – Epithelial Tissue – Muscle Tissue – Nerve Tissue
what are organs?
Level 4 of structural organization
- An organ performs a specialized physiological function.
- For example, the stomach is made up of all
four types of tissue and has the function of
breaking down food.
what is a system?
Level 5 of structural organization
- An organ system is a group of specialized
organs working together to achieve a
specific function.
what is an organism?
Level 6 of structural organization
- All the systems of the body combined make up an
organism or human being.
- The organism (our body) is continuously fine tuning itself to maintain or restore balance among its systems. This process is called homeostasis.
- Anything that stresses the body (heat, cold, pain, etc…) creates a need for adaptation, which means the cells don’t work at the optimal level.
what is pH?
- pH stands for Power of Hydrogen.
- It is a numerical value that represents the acidity or alkalinity of a substance.
– The more hydrogen (H+) the more acidic
– The more hydroxide (OH-) the more alkaline
– A balance of H+ and OH- is neutral - The scale for pH runs from 0 to 14, with 0 representing pure acid and 14 representing pure alkalinity.
- pH scale represents exponential differences.
- Each pH unit represents a tenfold difference of the H+/OH- concentration.
- That means a pH of 2 is not twice as acidic as a pH of 4, it is 100 times more acidic than a pH of 4.
- While the pH scale is defined based on the hydrogen content of a substance, it is the OH- content that determines the alkalinity.
examples:
- A pH of 10 is 100 times more alkaline than a pH of 8.
- A pH of 12 is 10,000 times more alkaline than a pH of 8.
- A pH of 7 (neutral) is 1,000,000
times more alkaline than a pH of 1.
– It is equally correct to say a pH of 1 is 1,000,000 times more acidic than a pH of 7.
describe the anatomical position
- Face forward
- Look forward
- Arms hanging by your side
- Palms facing forward
superior
towards the head
inferior
towards the feet
anterior
toward the front
posterior
toward the back
lateral
horizontal/toward the side
proximal
close to the trunk
distal
away from the trunk
medial
toward the middle
ipsilateral
same side of the body
contralateral
opposite side of the body
superficial
toward the surface of the body
deep
away from the surface of the body
bilateral
relating to or having 2 sides
unilateral
occurring only on 1 side
