Module 3 Flashcards
The nursing social policy statement allows nurses to address promotion of…
- health and wellness
2. safety and quality of care
The nursing social policy statement allows nurses to address emotions related to…
the experience of birth, growth and development, health, illness, disease, and death
The nursing social policy statement allows nurses to address meanings ascribed to …
health, illness, and other concepts
Other things that the nursing social policy statement allows nurses to address?
- care,self care processes, and care coordination
- physical, emotional, and spiritual comfort, discomfort and pain
- adaptation to physiologic and pathophysiology processes
- linguistic and cultural sensitivity
- health literacy
- decision making and the ability to make choices
- relationships, role performance, and change processes within relationships
- social policies and their effects on health
- health care systems and their relationship to access, cost, and quality of health c are
- the environemnt and the prevention of disease and injury
3 Sources of Knowledge
- Traditional
- Authoritative
- Scientific
nursing knowledge includes science, ethics, philosophy, biology, etc.
Traditional Knowledge
knowledge passed down from generation to generation
ex: An experienced nurse telling a new nurse that we change bed linen daily
Authoritative Knowledge
Knowledge that comes from an expert, accepted as trust based on person’s perceived expertise
ex: The professor tells you the best way of doing an IV insertion
Scientific Knowledge
Knowledge obtained through the scientific method (Research)
ex: Scientific method and research gleaning information
Types of Nursing Knowledge
- Science
- Philosophy
- Process
Influences on Nursing Knowledge
- Historical Influences (ex: Florence Nightingale, societal changes historically)
- Societal Influences (ex: schools of nursing)
Nursing Science
knowledge in and of nursing
Nursing Philosophy
the study of wisdom, fundamental knowledge, and processes used to construct life
Nursing Process
conceptual framework of nursing and theories
The Framework of Nursing Theory is made up of …
- Theory
2. Concepts
Theory
group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality, and can be tested/changed/used to guide research
Concepts
abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality
Conceptual Framework Model is like …
the blueprint of a house, with the concepts being the materials that come together in a specific way to make the house
Deductive Reasoning
examine general ideas and consider specific actions or ideas
Inductive Reasoning
build from specific ideas or actions to make conclusions about general ideas
3 Interdisciplinary Base Theories underlying Nursing Theory
- General System Theory
- Adaptation Theory
- Development Theory
General System Theory
- Ludwig
- theory for universal application - breaks whole things into its parts to see how they work together to make a system
ex: cultures, molecules, organs, health in nursing
Adaptation Theory
- adjustment of living matter to other living things and environment / processes influence change through interaction and response
3 Levels of Human Change (Adaptation Theory)
- Intern (Yourself)
- Social (Others)
- Physical (Biochemical reaction)
Development Theory
- Erik Erikson, Piaget, Kohlberg, Maslow, etc
- orderly and predictable growth and development occurs from conception to death
Benefits of Using Nursing Theory
- Directs nurses toward a common goal
- improves patient care
- provides rational and knowledgeable reasons for nursing actions
- gives nurses the knowledge needed to make appropriate action
- helps resolve current nursing issues
- prepares nurses to question assumptions and values
- serves and aids research, education, and practice
Nursing Theory can be ____ or ____
Descriptive or Prescriptive
Descriptive Theory
Describe a phenomenon, event, or relationship(s) (understanding via statistical terms/ Statement of how things ARE)
Prescriptive Theory
Discusses nursing interventions and the results/consequences of those interventions (the statement (Statement of how things OUGHT TO BE)
Goals of Using Theoretical Frameworks in Nursing
- Holistic Patient Care
- Individualized Care to Meet the Needs of Patients
- Promotion of Health
- Prevention or Treatment of Illness
What did Hildegard Pavlov theorize about nursing?
nursing is a therapeutic, interpersonal, goal oriented process - and applied in setting it is done by having interventions toward moving patient personality toward good learning/cooperation
What did Dorothea Orin theorize about nursing?
self care is a human need - deficit required nursing action - nursing is a human service so they help make self care actions to promote health
The most important concept of nursing theory is …
the person/patient
4 common concepts of Nursing Theories
- The person
- The environment
- Health
- Nursing
Goals of Research
- Develop explanations in theory
- Find solutions to problems
- Improve care of people clinically
- Study people and the nursing process (education, policy development, and nursing history)
- Develop greater autonomy and strength as a profession
- Provide evidence based nursing practice
- Validate or Find knowledge (Examine carefully or search again)
What do we study in order to improve the care of people in clinical settings?
- Education
- Policy development
- History
What are the National Institute of Nursing Research’s Goals of Research?
- Build the scientific foundation
- Prevent disease and disability
- Manage and eliminate symptoms caused by illness
- Enhance end of life and palliative care
Methods of Going About Nursing Research?
- Quantitative
2. Qualitative
Quantitative Nursing Research
- involves concepts of basic and applied research
- involves numerical data
Basic Research
- also called Pure/Laboratory Research
- type of quantitative research
- it is used to generate and refine theory, and the findings are often not directly useful in a clinical setting
Practical Research
- also called applied research
- type of quantitative research
- research designed to directly influence or improve the clinical practice
Qualitative Nursing Research
- research conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings
- based on the belief that reality is based on perceptions that differ for each person and change over time
- involves non numerical data
Variable
something that varies and has different values that are measureable
Dependent Variable
the variable being studied (determined as a result in data)
Independent Variable
causes or conditions that are manipulated or identified to determine the effects on the dependent variable
Hypothesis
statement of relationships between the independent and dependent variables that the researchers expect to find
Data
the information that the researcher collects from subjects in the study (it is expressed as a number in quantitative research most often)
Instruments
devices used to collect data (i.e. pain rating scale) that needs to be both RELIABLE and VALID
Types of Quantitative Research
- Descriptive
- Correlational
- Quasi Experimental
- Experimental
Descriptive Research
Quantitative research that explores or describes events in real life situations
Correlational Research
Quantitative research that examines the type or degree or relationship between 2 or more variables
Quasi-Experimental Research
Quantitative research that explores cause-and-effect relationships between selected variables, often in a clinical setting, and looks at the effects of nursing intervention on patient outcome
Experimental Research
Quantitative research that examines the cause-and-effect relationship between variables in HIGH CONTROL CONDITIONS (often a laboratory setting)
Steps of Quantitative Research
- State the Research problem
- Define the Purpose of the Study
- Review Related Literature
- Formulate Hypotheses and Variables
- Select Population and Sample
- Collect Data
- Analyze Data
- communicate Findings and Conclusions
Types of Qualitative Research Methods
- Phenomenology
- Grounded Theory
- Ethnography
- Historical
Phenomenology
Qualitative research looking at the meaning of experience within each person’s own reality - the experience of health (ex: heart attack)
Grounded Theory
Qualitative research looking at discovery of how people describe their own reality and how their beliefs are related to their actions in a social scene
- the findings are grounded in data from subjects and are used to make concepts/theories of experience - data is supported by examples
ex: Coping with the seriously ill child
Ethnography
Qualitative research developed by discipline of anthropology research, and is used to see issues of a culture that are an interest to nursing
Historical Research
Qualitative research focusing on events of the past to increase understanding of the nursing profession nowadays, and focuses further on nursing leaders and an increased interest in historical patterns in nursing practice
Things to Evaluate for the Ethics of Clinical Research Studies
- Value of the study
- Scientific Validity
- Fair subject selection
- Favorable risk benefit ratio for the patients
- Independent review
- Informed consent
- Respect for enrolled subjects
Whenever doing research make sure to get…
Informed consent
Before doing research on living beings, you have to get…
Institutional Review Board (IRB) permission following their evaluation of whether the benefits outweigh the risks
EBP
- Evidence Based Practice
- problem solving approach to making clinical decisions using the best evidence available
- blends the science and art of nursing to get best patient outcomes - may consist of specific interventions or guidelines established for certain situations
The use of EBP mandates for the …
analysis and systematic review of research findings
Steps/How to Implement EBP
- Cultivate a spirit of inquiry
- Ask the burning clinical question in PICOT format
- Search for and collect best evidence and practice
- Critically appraise evidence
- Integrate best evidence with clinical expertise and patient preferences and values when making a practice decision or change
- Evaluate the outcomes of the decision or change from the evidence
- Disseminate the outcomes of the decision or change
Impediments to Nursing Research
- Restricted Resource Access
- Limited time to participate in research
- Lack of educational preparation
Components of a Research Journal
- Abstract
- Introduction (literature review and what the research is)
- Method
- Results
- Discussion
- References
PICOT Format
a format that allows for EBP implementation when asking clinical questions in nursing research
What does PICOT stand for?
P - Patient, Population, or Problem of interest I - Intervention of Interest C - Comparison of interest to another O - Outcome of interest T - Time
Ex: P - Adults at risk for pressure ulcer ; I - Alternating pressure mattress ; C - alternating pressure mattress rather than single pressure mattress; O - Incidence of pressure ulcers from I and C measurement; T - during the administration to a long care term facility
Things to Think about when Reading and Critiquing Research Articles?
- Review the Elements of the article
- Determine the level and quality of the evidence via a scale
- Realize if the study is applicable to your practice
