Module 11 Flashcards
Values come from
family, work, environment, and culture
Values
Belief about the worth of something, about what matters, and acts as a guideline for behavior
Value System
Organization of values in which each are ranked along a continuum of importance often leading to a personal code of ethics
5 Common Modes of Value Transmission
Modeling Moralizing Laissez Faire Rewarding and Punishing Responsible choice
Modeling
Value transmission mode where children learn what is of high or low value by observing parents, peers, and significant others
Moralizing
Mode of value transmission that is TAUGHT by a parent or institution - Little opportunities are thus available to see other values
Laissez-faire
Mode of value transmission that leaves children to explore values on their own (no single set of values is presented as best for all) and to develop a personal value system
Little to no guidance exists which can lead to confusion or conflict
Rewarding and Punishing
Mode of value transmission where children are rewarded for demonstrating values held by parents and punished for demonstrating unacceptable values
Responsible Choice
mode of value transmission where children are encouraged to explore competing values and to weigh their consequences
Value Clarification
Process by which people come to understand their own values and value system
3 Main Activities of the Valuing Process
- Choosing
- Prizing (Treasuring)
- Acting
Choosing
first activity of the valuing process
Choosing freely from alternative after careful consideration of the consequences of each alternative
Prizing (Treasuring)
second activity of the valuing process
Involves pride, happiness, and public affirtmation
Acting
third activity of the valuing process
Combining choice into one’s behavior with consistency and regularity on the value
Professional Values
values not taught by parents
Altruism Autonomy Human Dignity Integrity Social Justice
Altruism
Professional value of concern for welfare and well being of others
Autonomy
professional value of right to self-ddetermination
Human dignity
professional value of respect for inherent worth and uniqueness of individuals and populations
Integrity
Professional value of acting according to code of ethics and standards of practice
Social justice
professional value of upholding moral, legal, and human rights
Types of Ethics
Bioethics
Nursing Ethics
Feminist Ethics
Bioethics
encompasses a number of fields of “life sciences”
Nursing Ethics
formal study of ethical issues that arise in the practice of nursing
Feminist Ethics
critiques existing patterns of oppression and domination in society especially affecting women and the poor
Ethics
system dealing with standards of character and behavior related to what is right and wrong
more universal right versus wrong rather than personal morals
Morals
Life ethics, concerned with what constitutes right action; more informal and personal than the term ethics
This is the persons sense of right or wrong (rather than ethics where it is more universal)
2 Categories of Action Guiding Theory
- Utilitarian
2. Deontological
Utilitarian
the rightness of wrongness of the action depends on the consequences of the action
Deontologic
an action is right or wrong independent of its consequences
Example of nursing utilitarianism versus deontological thought?
A nurse may believe abortion is right because the consequence is good for the mother (utilitarian) while another says its not right because it takes a life (deontological)
Beauchamp and Childress Principle Based Approach to Bioethics
Things nurses should do for a code of ethics:
- Autonomy
- Nonmaleficence
- Beneficence
- Justice
- Fidelity
- Veracity, Accountability, Privacy, Confidentiality (V-CAP)
Auto0nomy
respect rights of patient to make health care decisions
Nonmaleficence
avoiding causing harm
Beneficence
benefit the patient
Justice
Give each patient his/her due and act fairly
Fidelity
keep promises
Care based approach to bioethics includes what characteristics?
- Centrality of the caring relationship
- promotion of dignity and respect for patients as people
- attention to the particulars of individual patients
- cultivation of responsiveness to others
- redefinition of fundamental moral skills to include virtues
Virtues
human excellences; cultivated dispositions of character and conduct that motivate and enable us to be good human beings
Important Virtues for Nurses
Competent Compassionate Self Efficacy Trustworthiness Intellect consciousness Practical Wisdom Humility Courage Integrity
Ethical Conduct
practice based on professional standards of ethical conduct as well as professional values
When conducting oneself ethically, a nurse should …
Cultivate the virtues of nursing
understand the ethical theories that dictate and justify professional conduct
be familiar with code of ethics for nurses and standards for professional nursing conduct
What are the purposes of the code of ethics for nurses?
It is a succinct statement of the ethical obligations and duties of every nurse
It is the profession’s nonnegotiable ethical standard
It is an expression of nursing’s own understanding of its commitment to society
What are the ICN guidelines for nursing students to achieve purpose of code of ethics?
Study the standards under each element of the code
Reflect on what each standards means to you
Discuss the code with coworkers and others
Use a specific example from experience to identify ethical dilemmas and standards of conduct in the code
Work in groups to clarify ethical decision making, and reach consensus on standards of ethical conduct
Collaborate with other professionals to apply standards in practice, education, management, and research
7 Basic Tenets of Bill of Rights for RN (Things an RN must be able to do)
- Practice in a manner that fulfills obligations to society and to those who received nursing care
- Practice in an environments that allow them to act in accordance with professional standards and legally authorized scopes of practice
- Work in an environment that supports and facilitates ethical practice, in accordance with the Code of Ethics for Nurses
- Freely and openly advocate for themselves and their patients, without fear of retution
- Receive fair compensation for their work, consistent with their knowledge, experience, and professional responsibilities
- Practice in a work environment that is safe for themselves and their patients
- Negotiate the conditions of their employment, either as individuals or collectively, in all practice settings
Moral Distress Education Project
Rosenthal and Clay (2015)
The aim of this project is to educate, inform, and destigmatize moral distress
Nurse leaders met to explore strats to develop destigmatize moral distress an their summary resulted in a group consensus on recommendations for addressing moral distress, and builds moral resilience in certain areas
What areas did the Moral Distress Education Project build Moral Resilience in?
Practice
Education
Research
Policy
Steps to Rising Above Moral Distress
Ask –> Affirm –> Assess –> Act - - - > REPEAT
As you ID an issue this helps decrease moral distress
Ways to Develop Moral Resilience
Cultivating good relationships
Accepting that change is a part of live
Refusing to view crises as insurmountable
Nurturing a positive view of self and taking care of self
Keeping things in perspective
Ethical Dilemma
situation that arises when attempted adherence to basic ethical principles results in two conflicting courses of action
(2 or more clear moral principles apply but support mutually inconsistent courses of action)
Ethical Distress
occurs when the nurse knows what is the right thing to do, but either personal or institutional factors make it difficult to follow the correct course of action
How can the nursing process be used to make an ethical decision?
- Assess the situation by gathering data
- Diagnose (ID) the ethical problem
- Plan (ID options, think ethical problem through, make a decision)
- Implement your decision
- evaluate your decision
Example of Ethical Problems
Paternalism
Deception
Privacy
Confidentiality
Allocation of scarce nursing resources
Valid consent or refusal
Conflicts concerning new technologies
Unprofessional, incompetent, unethical, or illegal physician practice
Unprofessional, incompetent, unethical, illegal nurse practice
Short staffing and whistle-blowing
beginning-of -life issues
End-of-life issues
Which provisions bring ethical committees together?
Provision 2 and 5
What are the four functions of ethical committees?
- Education
- Policy Making
- Case Review
- consultation
(They also can occasionally be for research)
Advocacy
protection and supports of another’s rights
What is advocacy in nursing practice?
Primary Commitment to the patient
prioritization of good of individual patient rather than society in general
Evaluation of competing claims of patient’s autonomy and patient well being
Areas of Concern for Patient Advocates
Representation of Patients
Promoting Self-Determination
Whistle Blowing
Being politically active
Whistle Blowing
Responsibility to report unsafe patient care
A nurse makes ethical, moral, and advocates for ____
THE PATIENT (YOU ARE THERE FOR THE PATIENT)
