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NM 702 Prenatal Care > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

organogenesis is complete by Week __

A

8

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2
Q

pregnancy hormone that stimulates the corpeus luteum to continue to function

A

HcG

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3
Q

placenta is at full thickness at Week ___

A

16

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4
Q

teratogen reaction differs between fetuses due to:

A

differences of host susceptibility

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5
Q

FDA category that includes drugs that have negative effects on animals but no apparent negative effect on humans

A

Cat C

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6
Q

ovum survives for ____ hours

A

24

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7
Q

sperm survives for ____ hours

A

48

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8
Q

what is the “hatching of the blastocyst” in implantation

A

loss of the zona pellucida

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9
Q

How many days after fertilization does the loss of the zona pellucida occur?

A

5 days

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10
Q

after the loss of the zona pellucida, this occurs to from the trophoblast cell mass

A

rapid proliferation of the trophectoderm

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11
Q

What causes the blastocyst to be able to attach to the uterus?

A

loss of the zona pellucida

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12
Q

adherence of the blastocyst to the endometrial surface leads to:

A

the decidual reaction

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13
Q

erosion of the epithelium of the endometrial surface allows for the blastocyst to:

A

burrow beneath the surface

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14
Q

Steps of Implantation:

A
  1. Loss of zona pellucida
  2. Rapid proliferation of the trophectoderm to form the trophoblast cell mass
  3. Blastocyst attaches to uterus
  4. Blastocyst adheres to endometrial surface
  5. Decidual reaction
  6. Erosion endometrial surface erosion
  7. Blastocyst burrows beneath the surface
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15
Q

endometrial changes during pregnancy that alter the endometrial lining (“decidua”)

A

decidual reaction

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16
Q

covers growing embryo and regresses as the chorion grows. Disappears as the embryo fills the lumen of the uterus

A

decidua capsularis

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17
Q

spongy vascular bed on which the blastocyst rests. The site of the future placenta. Forms maternal portion of placenta. Where the interface between the mom and trophoblast is- changes happen here to support adhesion and migration.

A

decidua basalis

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18
Q

the remaining decidua. Fuses with the amnion and chorion at 18-20 weeks and the uterine cavity is obliterated.

A

decidua parietalis

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19
Q

Attaches to endometrium 5-6 days after fertilization, fully implanted by day 10-12
Functions to:
Erode maternal tissue to make space for implantation and growth
Secrete hormones
Transport nutrients and waste products
Placental attachment
Migration and arterial transformation

A

Trophoblast

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20
Q

layers of trophoblast differentiate on Day __

A

7

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21
Q

the mononuclear inner layer of the trophoblast that forms new syncytial cells, chorionic villi, amnion and generates new trophoblast cells

A

cytotrophoblast

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22
Q

the thick multicellular mass w/o distinct cell boundaries outerlayer of the trophoblast that invades the endometrial epithelium engulfing uterine cells and produces hCG, estrogen, progesterone, and hPL

A

synctiotrophoblast

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23
Q

what is the process that may cause implantation bleeding?

A

differentiation of the trophoblast

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24
Q

Implantation is complete on days ___-___

A

10-12

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25
Q

amniotic cavity appears during Week __

A

2

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26
Q

collapsed dominant follicle walls after ovulation that change to turn into this

A

corpus luteum

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27
Q

14-day phase of menstrual cycle that begins w/ ovulation and ends w/ cycle start

A

luteal phase

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28
Q

the progesterone factory of the luteal phase

A

corpus luteum

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29
Q

the progesterone in the corpus luteum suppresses:

A

the growth of new follicles

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30
Q

hormone that causes an elevation in basal body temperature

A

progesterone

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31
Q

if conception does not occur, the _____________ rapidly regresses 9-11 days after ovulation

A

corpus luteum

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32
Q

declining corpus luteum decreases progesterone levels which causes:

A

menstruation

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33
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ becomes:
digestive system
liver
pancreas
inner layer of lungs
A

endoderm

34
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ becomes:
circulatory system
lungs (epithelial layers)
skeletal system
muscular system
A

mesoderm

35
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ becomes:
hair
nails
skin
nervous system
A

ectoderm

36
Q

period of gestation from conception to Week 2

A

pre-embryonic

37
Q

period of gestation from Week 2-8

A

embryonic

38
Q

period of gestation from Week 8 to Full Term

A

fetal

39
Q

creation of new types of substances, cells, tissues, and organs that weren’t there before

A

differentiation

40
Q

process by which these elements are coordinated into functional integrated units

A

organization

41
Q

production of a special form, shape or structure of a group of cells and occurs by organization of groups of cells in to organs.

A

morphogenesis

42
Q

embryonic alteration in morphogenesis due to an intrinsically abnormal developmental process such as may occur with a chromosome or multifactorial disorder.

A

malformation

43
Q

defects are the abnormal form, shape, or position of a body part arising from extrinsic mechanical forces (e.g., clubfoot due to fetal restraint or lung hypoplasia with congenital diaphragmatic hernia)

A

deformation

44
Q

caused by an external force that alters a previously normal tissue (e.g., teratogenic effects or amputation of a fetal part by an amniotic band)

A

disruption

45
Q

Adequate and well-controlled human studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy (and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters)

A

Category A

46
Q

Animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus, and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women; or animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in any trimester.

A

Category B

47
Q

Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

A

Category C

48
Q

There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

A

Category D

49
Q

Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/ or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in the use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits.

A

Category X

50
Q

the basis of heritable developmental defects and is the result of a change in the sequence of nucleotides.

A

Gene Mutations

51
Q

when an embryo is not susceptible to teratogenesis

A

Weeks 1 and 2 (The pre-embryonic period also known as the “All or Nothing” period)

52
Q

agents, such as tobacco, exert effects on growth or fetal development in the second and third trimesters

A

fetotoxic agents

53
Q

MOA of teratogen

A

interfere with organogenesis during the embryonic period, which results in birth defects such as a cleft palate, cardiac anomaly, facial abnormality, or another dysmorphic effect.

54
Q

Four major hormones synthesized by the placenta

A

ahCG, hPL, progesterone, and estrogens

55
Q

Maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy in order to ensure secretion of progesterone and other substances until placental production is adequate.
May stimulate the fetal testes and adrenal gland to enhance testosterone and corticosteroid secretion, stimulate production of placental progesterone, promote angiogenesis, uterine growth and quiescence, enhance fetal growth and development, and suppress maternal lymphocyte responses to prevent rejection of the placenta by the mother.
May also have a role in preventing cervical ripening during pregnancy.

A

Role of hCG

56
Q

regulates glucose availability for the fetus, it is an insulin antagonist that increases maternal metabolism and use of fat as an energy substrate and reduces glucose uptake and use by maternal cells. As a result, more glucose is available for transport to the fetus. Thus, this acts as a growth-promoting hormone, promoting fetal growth by altering maternal metabolism.

A

hPL

57
Q

production of hPL by the syncytiotrophoblast begins ___-____ days after conception (____-____ days after implantation)

A

12-18 (5-10)

58
Q

hPL levels ____ during pregnancy and _____ near term

A

rise; peak

59
Q

the most abundant placental secretory product

A

hPL

60
Q

the main synthesis site of steroidogenesis (the production of estrogen and progesterone) in early pregnancy

A

corpus luteum

61
Q

at 6-8 weeks gestation, the _________________ takes over steroidogenesis (the production of estrogen and progesterone) as the main site of synthesization

A

placental syncytiotrophoblast

62
Q

acts to decrease myometrial activity/irritability
contrict myometrial vessels
decrease sensitivity of the maternal respiratory center to CO2
inhibit prolactin secretion
suppresses maternal immune reaction to fetal antigens
relaxes smooth muscle in GI & urinary systems
incrases basal body temp
increases Na+ and Cl- excretion

A

role of progesterone in pregnancy

63
Q

serves as the substrate pool for fetal adrenal gland production of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

A

progesterone

64
Q

produces early in pregnancy by corpus luteum and later in pregnancy by the placenta
***is dependent on the fetus

A

estrogen

65
Q

enhances myometrial activity
promotes myometrial vasodilation
increases sensitivity of the maternal respiratory center to carbon dioxide
softens fibers in the cervical collagen tissue
increases pituitary secretion of prolactin
increases serum binding proteins and fibrinogen
decreases plasma proteins
increases the sensitivity of the uterus to progesterone in late pregnancy.

A

estrogen

66
Q

involves bidirectional movement of gases, nutrients, waste materials, drugs, and other substances across the placenta from maternal-to-fetal circulation or from fetal to maternal circulation

A

placental transport

67
Q

simple (passive) diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, pinocytosis, endocytosis, bulk flow, solvent drag, accidental capillary breaks, and independent movement

A

mechanisms of placental transfer

68
Q

which placental transfer methods are mediated by protein and other transport substances

A

Facilitated diffusion and active transport

69
Q

major mechanism of placental transfer

A

diffusion

70
Q

movement of a substance from higher to lower concentration or electrochemical gradients

A

simple (passive) diffusion

71
Q

substances that pass through placenta via _________
water, electrolytes, oxygen, carbon dioxide, urea, simple amines, creatinine, fatty acids, steroids, fat-soluble vitamins, narcotics, antibiotics, barbiturates, and anesthetics

A

substances that pass via simple diffusion

72
Q

transport via protein transporters to move substances across the placental membrane. Movement is from higher to lower concentration or electrochemical gradients.

A

facilitated diffusion

73
Q

glucose, oxygen, and waste products (lactate) are transported through placenta via:

A

facilitated diffusion

74
Q

substances that cross placenta via ____________:

Amino acids, potassium, water-soluble vitamins, calcium, phosphate, iron, and iodine

A

active transport

75
Q

invagination in the surface of a cell that forms intracellular membrane bound vesicles

A

endocytosis

76
Q

occurs on the opposite side of the cell with fusion of the vesicle to the membrane and release of the vesicles’ contents.

A

exocytosis

77
Q

•These mechanisms are necessary to transfer molecules too large for diffusion or for which no carrier transport exists

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

78
Q

umbilical cord may be seen on U/S at ___ days and well-established by _____ weeks

A

42; 8-9

79
Q

begin to develop soon after fertilization and continue to grow until about 28 weeks’ gestation

A

amnioin and chorion

80
Q

the innermost amniotic epithelium is involved in amniotic fluid exchange and pH regulation
The outer membrane, contains blood vessels that atrophy as pregnancy advances, but no nerves

A

amnion and chorion function

81
Q

a major site of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis and metabolism

A

fetal membranes

NM 702 Prenatal Care (8 decks)

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