Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

POPLHLTH111 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

SEP definition

A

The social and economic factors that influence what positions individuals or groups hold within the structure of a society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Determinants requirements

A

Must be objective, measurable, and meaningful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Measures of SEP

A

– Used to quantify the level of inequality within/between societies
– Highlight changes to population structures over time/between Census periods/ generations
– Needed to help understand the relationship between health & other social variables (age, sex, ethnicity)
– Have been associated with health & life chances for as long as social groups have existed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Measuring SEP for individuals

A

Education, Income, Occupation, Housing, Assets and wealth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Measuring SEP for pop

A

Area measures: Deprivation, Access

Population measures: Income inequality, Literacy rates, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

SEP

Individual lifestyle factors

A
  • Education: higher education => pick up ideas/messages more easily
  • Occupation: Status/social standing. Higher paid jobs => more power on social spectrum
  • Income: Purchase material goods/services & health
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

SEP

Social and Community influences

A
  • Your PARENTS education, occupation, income
    – Commonly used to measure SEP in studies of children and adolescents
    – Some evidence that your parent’s SEP is associated with own SEP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

SEP

Living and working conditions

A
  • Use area-based measures of SEP
  • Most common in NZ is the NZ Index of Deprivation (NZDep)
  • Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) allows you to drill down to explore the drivers of area deprivation
    – Other measures include
    Social fragmentation and
    Accessibility indices
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Social fragmentation

A

How well a society combines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Accessibility indices

A

Potential access to resources (not realized access)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Deprivation definition

A

State of observable/demonstrable disadvantage relative to the local community/wider society/nation to which an individual/family/group belongs

  • Another way of measuring people’s relative position in society, but reports this based on where they live, not who the people themselves
  • Measures focus on material deprivation
  • Deprivation should be applied to conditions and quality of life that are of a lower standard than is ordinary in a particular society
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does living in poverty refer to?

A

A lack of income and resources to obtain the normative standard of living.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is material deprivation?

A

Refers to what residents living in particular areas “don’t have”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Variables in NZDep2013

O CLIQuIEST

A 
Communication
Living space
Income
Income
Qualification
Employment
Support
Transport
Own home
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

NZDep2013

Communication

A

People aged <65 with no access to the internet at home

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

NZDep2013

Living space

A

People living in equivalised households below a bedroom occupancy threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

NZDep2013

Income x2

A

People aged 18-64 receiving a means tested benefit
and
People living in equivalised households with income below an income threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

NZDep2013

Qualification

A

People aged 18-64 without any qualifications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

NZDep2013

Employment

A

People aged 18-64 unemployed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

NZDep2013

Support

A

People aged <65 living in a single parent family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

NZDep2013

Transport

A

People with no access to a car

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

NZDep2013

Own home

A

People not living in own home

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Use of NZ Dep2013

A

Planning and resource allocation. Research. Advocacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Interpretation from NZDep2013

A

“People living in the most deprived neighbourhoods …”

Deciles are inverse scores to school deciles. 10 is worst. 1 is best.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

General Socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions

A
  • Group populations with similar SEP levels together
    – Cross-sectional or longitudinal analyses
    – The New Zealand Census Mortality Study
    – Using the Integrated Data Infrastructure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Global determinants

A

– Income inequality
– National income • GDP
– Literacy Rates
– Free trade agreements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Preston curve

A
  • Income & life expectancy not linear

- Countries with low GDP have low life expectancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Population data purpose

A
  • measuring trends in Births,Mortality, Morbidity, Migration
  • more applied work Unemployment/benefit claimants/pensions, Crime, Health service utilisation, Voter turnout, Education pathways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Data sources for epidemiology

A

The Census (main), Estimated Resident Populations (ERP), Vital events, Health service utilisation and outcomes (HSU), Nationally representative surveys, Ad hoc surveys, The Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The Census

A
  • Traditionally, to operationalise census data collection
  • Enumeration officers’ to contact individual households
  • Country divided into small areas “Meshblocks” ~100 people
  • In 2018, online
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

ERP

A

Estimated Resident Populations

– An estimate of all people who usually live in NZ at a given date
– Does not typically break down by ethnic group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Vital events

A

– Births, deaths and marriages (Department of Internal Affairs maintain, but Stats NZ prepares reports)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

HSU

A

Health service utilisation and outcomes

– Ministry of Health record and report publicly funded health information e.g. hospitalisations, blood tests, pharmaceutical dispensing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Nationally representative surveys

A

– e.g. the NZ Health Survey(~15,000 people/annum)

  • MoH manages survey with key topics and ‘spotlight’ less common issues
  • Self-reported health and health behaviours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Ad hoc surveys

A

– Student satisfaction survey, market research companies, etc - May not always be generalizable to the wider pop

36
Q

IDI

A

– Large data repository that links de-identified data about people that have used Government services

  • Uses routinely collected info from government (& other agencies)
  • All information is de-identified & strict rules are in place to preserve confidentiality
  • Data from many sources can be linked to create a pop based
  • To be ‘counted’: have had an interaction with >1 of these agencies – i.e. health, education, tax, police, social development, ACC
  • A large research database containing microdata about people and households.
  • De-identified data from a range of government agencies, Statistics NZ surveys (inclu 2013 Census), and non-government organisations.
  • Holds over 166 billion facts, using 1.22 terabytes of space (continually growing).
  • Researchers use the IDI to answer complex questions to improve outcomes for NZders
37
Q

IDI Pros

A
  • Deidentified
  • Linkable, enabling wide insights
  • Accessed in a data safe haven
  • View longitudinal/life long information
  • Identify risk/protective factors
  • Predictive risk modelling
  • Evaluate effectiveness of particular interventions
  • Identify characteristics of groups with positive/negative outcomes
  • Tailor interventions to people based on these characteristics.
38
Q

IDI cons

A
  • Definition of resident population varies
  • IDI is only as good as the data in it
  • Inherent selection biases from the choice of sources of data
  • Can’t perform case management
  • Can’t identify specific individuals at risk or for a specific intervention
  • Can’t identify specific individuals who are abusing systems and enforce law.
39
Q

Data considerations

A
  • Ethics & data privacy/confidentiality
  • Purpose of data collection vs use in analysis
  • Population vs population samples
  • Are the participants representative of the NZ population?
  • Objective vs subjective measures of health
40
Q

Population structure

A

Age & sex: male / female (biological)

41
Q

Population composition

A

Other attributes ethnicity, level of education

42
Q

Pop pyramids

X axis

A

male = left female = right

43
Q

Pop pyramids

Y axis

A

Age: young to old bottom to top

44
Q

Pop pyramids

Bars

A

count or % of people

45
Q

Events determine pop structure

A
  • Age-sex structure is a function of previous patterns/trends of fertility, migration & mortality events e.g. # of women aged 40-45 today determined by births 40-45 years ago (depleted by deaths ±migration)
  • Vital events affect structure in different ways/extents
    • Changes in fertility rates, can be dramatic but will have a time lag - Changes in infant mortality rates have similar effect
    • Changes in adult mortality rates less dramatic & less variable over time - spread over wider age range
  • Migration can have dramatic effect, especially if the trend is age & sex specific e.g. post Christchurch earthquakes
46
Q

Pop structure affects events

A
  • Fertility, mortality and migration are not evenly distributed across the population by age and sex
    • Fertility: women only, concentrated in young adult ages
    • Mortality: highest among the very young and the elderly
    • Migration: varies with sex and stage in the life cycle
  • Age-sex structure has a crucial influence on the rates at which these events occur in the pop
47
Q

Dependency ratios

Child

A

0-14 years /working age x 100

48
Q

Dependency ratios

Elderly

A

Elderly ≥65/working age x 100

49
Q

Dependency ratios

Total

A

(Youth +elderly)/working age x 100

50
Q

What is the working age?

A

15-64 years

51
Q

What does the denominator (population structure) influence?

A

Analysis

52
Q

Ethnic composition of NZ depends on?

A

– Data sources for numerator and denominator: Census, HSU, IDI, National Health Survey
– Ethnicity coding protocol used: Total Response, Prioritised, Sole/Combination

53
Q

Numerical ageing

A

Absolute increase in the # of elderly (-Reflects previous demographic patterns
– Improvements in life expectancy)
e.g. High fertility rates 60yrs ago = larger # of elderly today

54
Q

Structural ageing

A

Increase in the proportion of the pop that is elderly

– Driven by decreases in fertility rates – Began occurring in the 1800s

55
Q

How does Numerical and structural aging occur?

A

independently but usually converge

56
Q

Natural decline

A

When deaths > births (combo of absolute + structural ageing). More elderly = more deaths

57
Q

Absolute decline

A

When there is insufficient migration to replace the decreased births and increased deaths - Not expected to happen in NZ for 70+ years – Happening in some European/Asian countries

58
Q

Inequalities

A

Measurable differences/variations in health. Differences in health experience/outcomes between diff pop groups (social gradient)

59
Q

Inequities

A

Those inequalities that are deemed to be unfair/unjust. Relations of equal and unequal power (political, social and economic, justice and injustice)

60
Q

Health inequities:

A

Differences in the distribution of resources/services across pop which do not reflect health needs.

61
Q

MoH equity

A

In NZ, ppl have differences in health that are avoidable, unfair/unjust. Equity: Diff people with diff levels of advantage require diff approaches/resources to get equitable health outcomes.

62
Q

Te Tiriti o Waitangi

A
  • Mana whenua

- Mataawaka

63
Q

PROGRESS

A
  • Place of residence
  • Race/ethnicity/culture/language
  • Occupation
  • Gender/sex
  • Religion
  • Education
  • Socioeconomic status
  • Social capital
64
Q

RD

A

Rate Difference

– absolute measure – EGO-CGO

65
Q

RR

A

Rate Ratio
– relative measure
– EGO/CGO

66
Q

Why health inequalities should be reduced

A
  • The equitable thing to do - unfair
  • Health inequalities are avoidable
  • They affect everyone
  • There are economic benefits associated - cost effective
67
Q

Where do inequities in health outcomes result from?

A

Inequities in opportunities

68
Q

Lorenz curve - Gini Coefficient

A

The ratio of the area between the line of perfect equality and the observed Lorenz curve to the area between the line of perfect equality and the line of perfect inequality

Gini = (A) / (A+B)

69
Q

Lorenz curve - Gini Coefficient

if Gini = 0?

A

A very equal society

70
Q

Lorenz curve - Gini Coefficient

if Gini = 1?

A

A very unequal society

71
Q

The implications of (income) inequities

A
  • An unequal society
  • Less social cohesion
  • Less trust between groups
  • Increased stress
  • Reduced economic productivity
  • Poorer health outcomes
72
Q

Transport choices

A

Cost, Travel time/ability to wake up in the morning, Car parking, Bus/Train timetabling, Distance, Walkability, Access to car/bicycle, Cycleways/Footpaths, Connectivity, Safety, Availability of showers at destination,Convenience, Children, Weather, Hills, Stuff to carry, Exercise, Time outdoors, Peers, Bike storage, Age, Fitness level, Mobility, Gender, Habits, Society/cultural expectations

73
Q

Promoting Sustainable Modes of Commuting

A

Northern Busway, City Rail Link, T2/T3/Bus Lanes, Northwestern Motorway, Dedicated Lanes for Cyclists, Dedicated Cycleway/Footpath – Grafton Gully, Queen Street-Walkability, Walking School Buses (big scale)

74
Q

Cycling

Health benefits

A

Reduce stress, promote weight loss, builds stamina/muscle strength, increases cardiovascular fitness/longevity, boosts immune system, aids in heart disease prevention

75
Q

Cycling

Health risks

A

Air pollution exposure & accidents

76
Q

Impact of noise barriers on air pollution conc. adjacent to motorways

A
  • 30% reduction on average in ultrafine particle exposure with barrier
77
Q

More people will cycle in neighbourhoods with:

A
  • Low traffic volume with low vehicle speed on residential streets
  • Separate cycleways on high-traffic roads
  • Mixed land use (residences, commercial entities and civic facilities all co-located) so that destinations are walkable/bikeable from home
78
Q

IMD variables

CHAInwHEEl

A

Crime, Health, Access, Income, Housing, Education, Employment

79
Q

IMD

Crime

A

The Crime Domain measures the risk of personal and material victimization (mostly theft, burglaries and assaults): damage to person or property

80
Q

IMD

Health

A

Identifies areas with a high level of ill health (hospitalizations, cancer) or mortality

81
Q

IMD

Access

A

Measures the cost and inconvenience of travelling to access basic services. Supermarkets, GPs, service stations, ECE, primary and intermediate schools

82
Q

IMD

Income

A

Captures the extent of income deprivation in a data zone by measuring state funded financial assistance to those with insufficient income

83
Q

IMD

Housing

A

Proportion of people living in overcrowded housing and the proportion living in rented accommodation

84
Q

IMD

Education

A

Captures youth disengagement and the proportion of the working age population without a formal qualification

85
Q

IMD

Employment

A

Measure the degree to which working age people are excluded from employment

POPLHLTH111 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions