Module 1

Question 1

Epidemiology definition

Answer 1

The study of how much dis-ease occurs in a population and of factors that determine differences in dis-ease occurrence between populations at one point or over a period of time.

Question 2

Dis-ease definition

Answer 2

Any health-related event or health-related state.

Question 3

Goal of epidemiologists

Answer 3

Measure the frequency of health and disease in different populations. Find the causes of poor health and improve it.

Tend to study negative events/states
Look at quantitative data (categorical and numerical)

Question 4

What does it mean if the frequency of dis-ease is different between 2 populations?

Answer 4

It can help identify the causes

Question 5

The basic equation of epidemiology

Answer 5

Frequency = (# of cases of dis-ease) / (# in total population) / Time

Question 6

Population/group definition

Answer 6

Any group of people who share a specified common factor

Question 7

Occurrence definition

Answer 7

Non-dis-eased to dis-eased state

Question 8

How does an epidemiological study always start? Then what happens?

Answer 8

By first describing the population (denominator) then counting the number of cases if dis-ease that occurs in the population (numerator)

Question 9

Describe PECOT

Answer 9

Participants
Exposure group
Comparison group
Outcome
Time

Question 10

Cohort study

Answer 10

Follows members of group overtime and counts relevant dis-ease events.
Also called follow up study
Measures incidence

Question 11

Cross-sectional study

Answer 11

Measures population, exposure and disease prevalence at the same time
Often found via survey

Question 12

Incidence

Answer 12

• Downward arrow
• Calculated by counting the number of disease event over a period of time
• Used for diseases with an easily observable occurrence point
• Presented as a proportion or percentage and accompanied by stating a time period

Question 13

Prevalence

Answer 13

• Calculated by counting the number of people with a disease at a point in time
• Time is not included in the calculation
• Used for diseases with no observable onset point so it measures if dis-ease has occurred
• Prevalence measures can be categorical or numerical

Question 14

Point prevalence

Answer 14

Where dis-ease state can easily be observed at one point in time. Horizontal arrow

Question 15

Period prevalence

Answer 15

• Where disease cannot easily be measured at one point so must be measured by the number of people who experienced it in the past.
• Often measured via survey
• Sloped arrow

Question 16

Prevalence with categorical numerator

Answer 16

Will be a proportion/percentage

Question 17

Prevalence with numerical numerator

Answer 17

WIll be a mean/average

Question 18

What is prevalence affected by

Answer 18

• The cure rate
• The death rate
• Rate of disease occurrence (incidence)
• Population with high incidence could have low prevalence if death/cure rate was high
• Population with low incidence could have high prevalence if death/cure rate was low

Question 19

Ecological study

Answer 19

Compares whole groups of populations rather than individuals

Question 20

RCT

Answer 20

• Like a cohort study
• Participants are allocated to exposure and comparison groups randomly
• Intervention is involved
• EG and CG at same baseline

Question 21

Single blind

Answer 21

Participants don’t know wht intervention they have EG or CG

Question 22

Double blind

Answer 22

Neither participants nor investigators