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120 > MODULE 3 > Flashcards

MODULE 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is perfusion

A

improved blood flow in the wound

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2
Q

what are the pathways of heat loss

A

skin, respiratory tract, urinary tract, digestive tract

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3
Q

what is conduction

A

thermal loss or gain through direct contact

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4
Q

what is convection

A

transfer of thermal heat to the body

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5
Q

what is conversion

A

sound waves transformed to heat

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6
Q

how long does it take skin and subcutaneous tissue to raise in temperature

A

6 minutes

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7
Q

what is muscle guarding

A

protective response in muscle, resulting in a isotonic muscle contraction of antagonist and agonist that surround injured area until healed

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8
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A

regulate body temperature

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9
Q

what is homeostasis

A

state of equilibrium in the body

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10
Q

what is hyperemia

A

redness of skin cause by an increase of blood flow in the capillaries

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11
Q

what is distraction

A

separation of surfaces of a joint by extension without dislocation

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12
Q

what is impingement

A

compression of a nerve root

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13
Q

what is disc herniation

A

protrusion of the intervertebral disc from its normal position

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14
Q

what do muscle relaxation and joint capsule stretching respond better to

A

low load, long stretch

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15
Q

does vasodilation DECREASE blood pressure?

A

yes

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16
Q

does vasoconstriction INCREASE blood pressure?

A

yes

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17
Q

what is analgesia

A

inability to feel pain

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18
Q

when cold is applied, what is the initial response

A

vasoconstriction of superficial blood vessels

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19
Q

what does LASER stand for?

A

light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation

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20
Q

what is coherence?

A

nature of the laser wavelength in the way it travels

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: the more parallel the beam the greater the concentration of energy in an area

A

true

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22
Q

what is frequency?

A

the # of occurrences in a unit of time

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23
Q

what is rarefaction?

A

“release phase”

molecules get spread out more

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24
Q

what does a sound wave do?

A

exerts pressure on the medium it travels through, alternatively compressing and then releases pressure on the particles of the medium, during the release phase, molecules are more spread out (rarefaction)

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25
Q

what is the audible range for human beings?

A

30-20 000cps

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26
Q

therapeutic ultrasound is typically applied at ?

A

1 million cps (megahertz)n or 3 MHz

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27
Q

matter in a wave does not itself travel; only the wave of energy in transmitted.. TRUE OR FALSE

A

true

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28
Q

the higher the frequency is, the greater the number of cycles per second.. true or false

A

true

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29
Q

what are the 5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A 
pain
erythema 
edema
heat 
loss of function
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30
Q

define reflect

A

to bend or cast back

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31
Q

what is refraction?

A

the wave portion being transmitted across a boundary that is subject to bending

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32
Q

how many cm deep for superficial tissue

A

1-3

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33
Q

how many cm deep for deep tissue

A

3-5

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34
Q

define continuous ultrasound

A

an uninterrupted flow of sound waves

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35
Q

what is duty factor?

A

the % of on time of ultrasound output

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36
Q

if the output is continuous is the duty factor 100%?

A

yes

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37
Q

what is pulsed ultrasound

A

when the output of ultrasound has an “off “ time

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38
Q

how hot should the hydrocollator be kept

A

71-79 C
159-174 F
cleaned every 2 weeks

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39
Q

vigorous heating occurs when?

A

40-45 C

40
Q

temps greater than 45 have the potential to cause irreversible tissue damage?

A

yes

41
Q

the direct effect of heat is an increase in elastic properties of the joint capsule

A

yes

42
Q

contraindications for heat?

A 
inflammation
fever
malignancies
metal implants
pacemakers 
hemorrhage
43
Q

precautions of heat?

A

menses (increase bloodflow)
pregnancy (effect on fetus)
sensory deficit (could burn)

44
Q

steps to clean hydrocollator

A

step 1- unplug hydrocollator
step 2- remove hot packs and rack
step 3 - attach drain hose to drain tap
step 4- empty water into buckets by turning red knob
step 5 - empty buckets to sink
step 6- clean with water and vinegar
step 7 - close drain valve and remove hose
step 8- attach hose to sink facet and fill
step 9 - replace hot packs
step 10- fill above hot packs, plug back in

45
Q

hunting response?

A

cycles of vasoconstriction- vasodilation lasting 12-30 mins during cold exposure

46
Q

therapeutic cold reduces the metabolic rate

A

true

47
Q

tx goals for cold therapy

A

reduce pain (A-beta and C fiber stimulation)
muscle guarding reduction
inflammation reduction
hemorrhage containment

48
Q

contraindications for cold?

A

cold sensitive
raynauds disease
cold uritica

49
Q

precautions for cold?

A

thermoregulatory problems
sensory deficit
hypersensitivity
impaired circulation

50
Q

the 4 sensations of cold:

A

cold - burning/prickling - aching - numbness

51
Q

2 characteristics of audible sound?

A

pitch and volume (they are parameters)

52
Q

when treating acute inflammation in ULTRASOUND what kind of duty factor do you use?

A

20%, 1:4 ratio

53
Q

when treating a chronic condition what duty factor do you use?

A

100% , continuous wave

54
Q

the ultrasound beam does not generate heat itself. so pt will not feel anything, but heat is generated in the tissues as a result of increased molecular vibrations

A

…

55
Q

more heat is generated at a frequency of 3MHz why

A

because more energy is delivered at a higher frequency

56
Q

precautions of US:

A

open wounds, advanced age, pregnancy, joint and metal implants, lack of sensation, pain with pressure

57
Q

contraindications of US:

A

pregnancy, abnormal growths, lack of sensation, pacemaker, psoriasis, blood clot

58
Q

Laser stands for

A

Light amplified by stimulation emissions of radiation

59
Q

TRACTION: define distraction

A

separation of joint surfaces without injury or dislocation

60
Q

in traction the shorter time of pull the more poundage tolerated?

A

yes

61
Q

what type of traction would muscle relaxation and facet joint stretching benefit from

A

static traction

62
Q

what type of traction is controlled by the patient

A

autotraction

63
Q

what does TENS stand for

A

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

64
Q

what does EMS stand for and what is the Tx goal

A

electrical muscle stimulation stimulation of denervated muscle to maintain muscle vitality

65
Q

what is reciprocal inhibition stretching

A

muscles on one side of joint relax to accommodate contraction on the other side

66
Q

does CKC work on approximation?

A

yes

approximation is pushing 2 joints together

67
Q

what is the Tx goal of TENS

A

pain management

68
Q

electrical stimulation produces what 3 responses?

A

pain, motor, sensory

69
Q

what does the rise time mean?

A

time it takes for the amplitude of the pulse to increase from zero to peak amplitude

70
Q

what is the temperature of paraffin wax

A

47-54 C for 15-20 mins

71
Q

which EPAS do you use hot/cold sensitivity

A

cryotherapy, thermotherapy

72
Q

which EPAS do you use you sharp/dull sensitivity

A

muscle stim, TENS, IFC

73
Q

what are the tx goals of IFC

A

pain reduction, swelling reduction

74
Q

the ramping of a current can be achieved by:

A

gradual increase of amplitude

increase of pulse duration

75
Q

contraindication for IFC

A

pregnancy
malignancies
anterior aspect of neck

76
Q

precautions for IFC

A

epilepsy, cardiac conditions, decreased sensation, pacemaker

77
Q

what is analgesia?

A

absence of pain

78
Q

what is paresthesia?

A

abnormal sensation of tingling prickling or numbness

79
Q

what is a motor point?

A

location where peripheral enters the muscle

80
Q

acupuncture points are where in the body?

A

all over

81
Q

what are trigger points?

A

areas that exhibit hypersensitivity to pressure and electrical stimulation

82
Q

medium frequencies are generally more comfortable than lower frequencies

A

true

83
Q

what are adjustable parameters for IFC

A 
time
intensity 
electrode size and placement 
number of channels 
therapy current type
treatment modulation frequency
84
Q

when should a client feel tingling/buzzing during IFC

A

70-150 pps (pain gait blocking)

85
Q

when should client feel contractions/prickling

A

1-10 pps (acupuncture) release of natural opiates

86
Q

what is carrier frequency

A

the medium frequency used by 1 or both channels that penetrate the skin

87
Q

what is the main advantage for IFC

A

depth of penetration

can cover larger treatment area

88
Q

what frequency used for edema reduction for IFC

A

50pps

89
Q

what frequency used for muscle guarding

A

80pps

90
Q

what frequency used for pain reduction

A

70-120pps

91
Q

what is sweep mode in IFC?

A

modulation that alters the frequency of one of the channels relative to the other channel to prevent accommodation

92
Q

what is amplitude in IFC

A

alters the intensity of one of the channels downward relative to the other channel

93
Q

the motor point of the muscle is the lowest at the motor end plate, meaning it will take the least amount of electrical current to accomplish the goal of a muscle contraction

A

yup…

94
Q

physiological effects of IFC

A

increase blood flow
stimulates endorphins
blocks pain
reduce edema

95
Q

what is paresthesia

A

abnormal sensation of tingling or prickling without a identifiable cause

96
Q

what is the pain gait theory

A

a-delta fibers and c fibers are afferents that send pain impulses to the spinal cord , when heat is applied the thermal stimuli overrides painful stimuli

97
Q

what’s the 3 criteria for depolarization

A

amplitude, duration, rise time

120 (5 decks)

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