MODULE 3 Flashcards
what is perfusion
improved blood flow in the wound
what are the pathways of heat loss
skin, respiratory tract, urinary tract, digestive tract
what is conduction
thermal loss or gain through direct contact
what is convection
transfer of thermal heat to the body
what is conversion
sound waves transformed to heat
how long does it take skin and subcutaneous tissue to raise in temperature
6 minutes
what is muscle guarding
protective response in muscle, resulting in a isotonic muscle contraction of antagonist and agonist that surround injured area until healed
what does the hypothalamus do
regulate body temperature
what is homeostasis
state of equilibrium in the body
what is hyperemia
redness of skin cause by an increase of blood flow in the capillaries
what is distraction
separation of surfaces of a joint by extension without dislocation
what is impingement
compression of a nerve root
what is disc herniation
protrusion of the intervertebral disc from its normal position
what do muscle relaxation and joint capsule stretching respond better to
low load, long stretch
does vasodilation DECREASE blood pressure?
yes
does vasoconstriction INCREASE blood pressure?
yes
what is analgesia
inability to feel pain
when cold is applied, what is the initial response
vasoconstriction of superficial blood vessels
what does LASER stand for?
light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation
what is coherence?
nature of the laser wavelength in the way it travels
TRUE OR FALSE: the more parallel the beam the greater the concentration of energy in an area
true
what is frequency?
the # of occurrences in a unit of time
what is rarefaction?
“release phase”
molecules get spread out more
what does a sound wave do?
exerts pressure on the medium it travels through, alternatively compressing and then releases pressure on the particles of the medium, during the release phase, molecules are more spread out (rarefaction)
what is the audible range for human beings?
30-20 000cps
therapeutic ultrasound is typically applied at ?
1 million cps (megahertz)n or 3 MHz
matter in a wave does not itself travel; only the wave of energy in transmitted.. TRUE OR FALSE
true
the higher the frequency is, the greater the number of cycles per second.. true or false
true
what are the 5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
pain erythema edema heat loss of function
define reflect
to bend or cast back
what is refraction?
the wave portion being transmitted across a boundary that is subject to bending
how many cm deep for superficial tissue
1-3
how many cm deep for deep tissue
3-5
define continuous ultrasound
an uninterrupted flow of sound waves
what is duty factor?
the % of on time of ultrasound output
if the output is continuous is the duty factor 100%?
yes
what is pulsed ultrasound
when the output of ultrasound has an “off “ time
how hot should the hydrocollator be kept
71-79 C
159-174 F
cleaned every 2 weeks
vigorous heating occurs when?
40-45 C
temps greater than 45 have the potential to cause irreversible tissue damage?
yes
the direct effect of heat is an increase in elastic properties of the joint capsule
yes
contraindications for heat?
inflammation fever malignancies metal implants pacemakers hemorrhage
precautions of heat?
menses (increase bloodflow)
pregnancy (effect on fetus)
sensory deficit (could burn)
steps to clean hydrocollator
step 1- unplug hydrocollator
step 2- remove hot packs and rack
step 3 - attach drain hose to drain tap
step 4- empty water into buckets by turning red knob
step 5 - empty buckets to sink
step 6- clean with water and vinegar
step 7 - close drain valve and remove hose
step 8- attach hose to sink facet and fill
step 9 - replace hot packs
step 10- fill above hot packs, plug back in
hunting response?
cycles of vasoconstriction- vasodilation lasting 12-30 mins during cold exposure
therapeutic cold reduces the metabolic rate
true
tx goals for cold therapy
reduce pain (A-beta and C fiber stimulation)
muscle guarding reduction
inflammation reduction
hemorrhage containment
contraindications for cold?
cold sensitive
raynauds disease
cold uritica
precautions for cold?
thermoregulatory problems
sensory deficit
hypersensitivity
impaired circulation
the 4 sensations of cold:
cold - burning/prickling - aching - numbness
2 characteristics of audible sound?
pitch and volume (they are parameters)
when treating acute inflammation in ULTRASOUND what kind of duty factor do you use?
20%, 1:4 ratio
when treating a chronic condition what duty factor do you use?
100% , continuous wave
the ultrasound beam does not generate heat itself. so pt will not feel anything, but heat is generated in the tissues as a result of increased molecular vibrations
…
more heat is generated at a frequency of 3MHz why
because more energy is delivered at a higher frequency
precautions of US:
open wounds, advanced age, pregnancy, joint and metal implants, lack of sensation, pain with pressure
contraindications of US:
pregnancy, abnormal growths, lack of sensation, pacemaker, psoriasis, blood clot
Laser stands for
Light amplified by stimulation emissions of radiation
TRACTION: define distraction
separation of joint surfaces without injury or dislocation
in traction the shorter time of pull the more poundage tolerated?
yes
what type of traction would muscle relaxation and facet joint stretching benefit from
static traction
what type of traction is controlled by the patient
autotraction
what does TENS stand for
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
what does EMS stand for and what is the Tx goal
electrical muscle stimulation stimulation of denervated muscle to maintain muscle vitality
what is reciprocal inhibition stretching
muscles on one side of joint relax to accommodate contraction on the other side
does CKC work on approximation?
yes
approximation is pushing 2 joints together
what is the Tx goal of TENS
pain management
electrical stimulation produces what 3 responses?
pain, motor, sensory
what does the rise time mean?
time it takes for the amplitude of the pulse to increase from zero to peak amplitude
what is the temperature of paraffin wax
47-54 C for 15-20 mins
which EPAS do you use hot/cold sensitivity
cryotherapy, thermotherapy
which EPAS do you use you sharp/dull sensitivity
muscle stim, TENS, IFC
what are the tx goals of IFC
pain reduction, swelling reduction
the ramping of a current can be achieved by:
gradual increase of amplitude
increase of pulse duration
contraindication for IFC
pregnancy
malignancies
anterior aspect of neck
precautions for IFC
epilepsy, cardiac conditions, decreased sensation, pacemaker
what is analgesia?
absence of pain
what is paresthesia?
abnormal sensation of tingling prickling or numbness
what is a motor point?
location where peripheral enters the muscle
acupuncture points are where in the body?
all over
what are trigger points?
areas that exhibit hypersensitivity to pressure and electrical stimulation
medium frequencies are generally more comfortable than lower frequencies
true
what are adjustable parameters for IFC
time intensity electrode size and placement number of channels therapy current type treatment modulation frequency
when should a client feel tingling/buzzing during IFC
70-150 pps (pain gait blocking)
when should client feel contractions/prickling
1-10 pps (acupuncture) release of natural opiates
what is carrier frequency
the medium frequency used by 1 or both channels that penetrate the skin
what is the main advantage for IFC
depth of penetration
can cover larger treatment area
what frequency used for edema reduction for IFC
50pps
what frequency used for muscle guarding
80pps
what frequency used for pain reduction
70-120pps
what is sweep mode in IFC?
modulation that alters the frequency of one of the channels relative to the other channel to prevent accommodation
what is amplitude in IFC
alters the intensity of one of the channels downward relative to the other channel
the motor point of the muscle is the lowest at the motor end plate, meaning it will take the least amount of electrical current to accomplish the goal of a muscle contraction
yup…
physiological effects of IFC
increase blood flow
stimulates endorphins
blocks pain
reduce edema
what is paresthesia
abnormal sensation of tingling or prickling without a identifiable cause
what is the pain gait theory
a-delta fibers and c fibers are afferents that send pain impulses to the spinal cord , when heat is applied the thermal stimuli overrides painful stimuli
what’s the 3 criteria for depolarization
amplitude, duration, rise time
