Module 3 Flashcards
What is the basic unit of heredity that carries genetic information?
Gene
Genes are sequences of DNA that determine specific traits in an organism.
What term describes the complete set of genetic material in an organism?
Genome
The genome includes all of an organism’s genes and non-coding sequences.
Which prenatal stage occurs from conception to 2 weeks?
Germinal stage
This stage involves the formation of the zygote and initial cell division.
During which prenatal stage do major organs and structures develop?
Embryonic stage (2 to 8 weeks)
This stage is critical for the development of vital organs.
What is the term for environmental agents that can cause harm during prenatal development?
Teratogens
Examples include drugs, alcohol, and certain infections.
Which period of prenatal development is characterized by rapid growth and maturation of body systems?
Fetal stage (9 weeks to birth)
This stage involves growth in size and refinement of physiological systems.
What is the term for the process by which a cell divides to form two identical daughter cells?
Mitosis
Mitosis is essential for growth and tissue repair.
What is the term for the process by which gametes (sperm and egg cells) are formed, each containing half the number of chromosomes?
Meiosis
Meiosis results in genetic diversity through recombination.
Which genetic disorder is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21?
Down syndrome
This condition is associated with developmental delays and characteristic features.
What is the term for the observable characteristics resulting from the interaction of an individual’s genotype with the environment?
Phenotype
Phenotypes can include physical traits and behaviors.
Which prenatal diagnostic test involves sampling amniotic fluid to detect genetic abnormalities?
Amniocentesis
This test can provide information about the fetus’s genetic health.
What is the term for the formation of the neural tube, which later develops into the central nervous system?
Neurulation
Proper neurulation is crucial for preventing neural tube defects.
Which hormone, produced by the placenta, maintains the uterine lining during pregnancy?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
hCG is often detected in pregnancy tests.
What is the term for substances that can cross the placental barrier and negatively affect fetal development?
Teratogens
Teratogens can lead to birth defects and developmental issues.
Which reflex in newborns involves turning the head toward a touch on the cheek?
Rooting reflex
This reflex helps infants locate the nipple for feeding.
What is the term for the decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations?
Habituation
Habituation is a fundamental form of learning in infants.
Which stage of motor development typically involves infants sitting without support?
Around 6 months
This milestone indicates significant muscle and balance development.
What is the term for the close emotional bond between an infant and caregiver?
Attachment
Secure attachment is crucial for healthy emotional development.
Which part of the brain is responsible for higher-order functions such as reasoning and problem-solving?
Prefrontal cortex
This area is essential for executive functions.
What is the term for the process by which unused neural connections are eliminated during development?
Synaptic pruning
This process enhances the efficiency of neural networks.
Which stage of sleep is most important for physical growth and development in children?
Deep sleep (slow-wave sleep)
Growth hormone is primarily released during this stage.
What is the term for the period during adolescence when individuals reach sexual maturity?
Puberty
Puberty involves physical, hormonal, and emotional changes.
Which gland is known as the ‘master gland’ because it regulates other endocrine glands?
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland controls hormone release in the body.
What is the term for age-related loss of muscle mass and strength?
Sarcopenia
Sarcopenia can significantly impact mobility and health in older adults.
