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ANAT 100 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the Rectus Abdominis

A

Lies on either side of the Linea Alba and is separated by tendinous intersections

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2
Q

Functions of Rectus Abdominis

A

Flexion of the trunk and forced expiration

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3
Q

Linea Alba

A

A line of connective tissue down the middle of the abdomen for muscle attachment

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4
Q

Transversus Abdominis

A

The transversus abdominis runs horizontally, deep to the internal oblique

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5
Q

Functions of Transversus Abdominis

A

Bilateral: flexes the vertebral column and compresses the abdominal wall

Unilateral: Lateral flexion of the vertebral column

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6
Q

Internal Oblique

A

Lies deep to the external oblique and its fibres run anteriorly and superiorly

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7
Q

Functions of Internal Oblique

A

Bilateral: Flexes the vertebral column and compresses the abdominal wall

Unilateral: Lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral column

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8
Q

External Oblique

A

The most superficial of the anterolateral abdominal wall musculature, its fibres run anteriorly and inferiorly

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9
Q

Functions of External Oblique

A

Bilateral: Flexes the vertebral column and compresses the abdominal wall. Used in forced expiration

Unilateral: Lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral column

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10
Q

What do the Abdominal Wall Muscles do

A

Facilitate movement of the trunk and aid in breathing

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11
Q

Muscles of the Back - Erector Spine Muscles

A

The erector spine muscles are a group that help keep the spine erect, they run down both sides of the spinal column

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12
Q

Muscles of the Thorax

A

The intercostal muscles of the thorax aid in the process of breathing

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13
Q

External Intercostals

A

The most superficial and their fibres run anteriorly and inferiorly, they aid in inspiration

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14
Q

Internal Intercostals

A

Lie deep to the externals and their fibres run posteriorly and inferiorly, they aid in expiration

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15
Q

Splenius Capitis

A

Extends the neck with bilateral contraction and causes flexion and lateral rotation of the neck with unilateral contraction

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16
Q

Semispinalis Capitis

A

Extends the neck with bilateral contraction, and turns the face slightly to the opposite side with unilateral contraction

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17
Q

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle

A

Flexes the neck with bilateral contraction, and rotates the head to the opposite side with unilateral contraction

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18
Q

Masseter

A

Extends from the zygomatic arch to the angle of the mandible. Its action is to elevate and protract (move forward) the jaw

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19
Q

Temporalis

A

Fan-shaped muscle that extends from the temporal fossa of the parietal bone to the coronoid process of the mandible. It elevates and pulls the mandible posteriorly (retract)

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20
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing - there are two muscles involved, the masseter and temporalis

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21
Q

Orbicularis Oculi

A

The muscle surrounding the eye that forcefully closes the eye when contracted. It originates on the frontal and maxillary bones

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22
Q

Orbicularis Oris

A

Surrounds the mouth and enables the puckering of lips. It originates on the maxillary bones or mandible

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23
Q

Zygomaticus

A

Extends from the zygomatic arch to the corners of the mouth. It draws the angle of the mouth superiorly and posteriorly, causing one to smile

24
Q

Frontalis

A

Muscle that covers the frontal bone and lifts the eyebrows, causing the forehead to wrinkle

25
Muscle Contraction
Histologically, when a muscle contracts, the actin and myosin filaments slide over each other, which shortens the sarcomere, this increases muscle tension grossly resulting in the movement of structures
26
Skeletal Muscle
Contracts to move parts of the body. Most skeletal muscles are attached to two bones across a joint, contracted muscle brings parts of these two bones closer together
27
Skeletal Muscle Functions:
- Produce movement - Maintain posture and stabilize joints - Control excretion (elimination of urine and feces) and swallowing - Produce heat - Support and protect internal organs
28
Organization of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscle tissue consists of muscle tissue and connective tissue. Connective tissue surrounds the muscle tissue and attaches the ends of each muscle to bone. Connective tissue in skeletal muscle is categorized into three layers: the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium
29
Epimysium
The layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire muscle and is continuous with the tissue that becomes the tendon
30
Perimysium
The layer of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibres (fascicle) within a muscle
31
Endomysium
Layer of connective tissue that surrounds the individual muscle cells (muscle fibres) within a muscle bundle
32
microanatomy of skeletal muscle tissue - Sarcolemma
The cell membrane surrounding a muscle cell, beneath the sarcolemma are nuclei, myofibrils and sarcoplasm (cellular fluid)
33
microanatomy of skeletal muscle tissue - Nuclei
Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated - they have more than one nucleus. These nuclei are located towards the outside of the myofiber
34
microanatomy of skeletal muscle tissue - Myofilaments
The contractile units of the cell
35
microanatomy of skeletal muscle tissue - Sarcoplasmic reticulum
surrounds each myofibril and is where the muscle cells store calcium, necessary for muscle function
36
Transverse Tubes
Extensions of the sarcolemma that surround the myofibrils that transmit nerve stimulation to the sarcoplasmic reticulum within the cell
37
Myofilaments
organized into repeating structural units known as sarcomeres. When shortened, the sarcomere cause contraction of the muscle. Each unit consists of actin and myosin.
38
Myofilaments: Actin and Myosin
Looking at a microscopic view of one individual sarcomere, you can observe the myofilaments that create this unit. They consist of thin and thick myofilaments known as actin (thin) and myosin (thick).
39
Sarcomere Banding
Skeletal muscle has a striated appearance due to the arrangement of actin and myosin into organized sarcomeres that form distinct lines and bands
40
Components of Sarcomeres - A-Band
Made up of thick and thin filaments
41
Components of Sarcomeres - Z-Line
Composed of protein that makes a zig-zag line marking the beginning and end of each sarcomere. It lines the middle of the I band where the thin filaments attach
42
Components of Sarcomeres - M-Line
Composed of protein down the center of the sarcomere. This is where thick filaments attach
43
Components of Sarcomeres - I-Band
Made up of thin filaments. It appears lighter in colour and transverses two sarcomeres
44
The Muscular System
The muscular system consists of contractile organs. These perform gross physical movements like walking and more finely tuned, intricate movements like the beating of the heart, breathing and digestion
45
Skeletal Muscles
help the body move. Most skeletal muscle is attached to bones via tendons
46
Cardiac Muscle
Found in the heart, it contracts rhythmically and is modulated by neural activity and hormones
47
Smooth muscle
controlled by the nervous system or hormone. It may be generally inactive and then respond to stimulation or may be rhythmic
48
Striated Muscle
Striated muscle is marked by both light and dark bands (striations). Striated muscle can be found in the heart and skeletal muscles. Striated muscle is characterized by long muscle fibres (cells) with multiple nuclei which are located peripherally for skeletal muscle or centrally for cardiac muscle.
49
Intercalated discs
They are unique to cardiac muscle, which connect heart muscles to each other
50
Smooth muscle
Found in blood vessels, the digestive system and other viscera. Each smooth muscle fibre contains a single centrally located nucleus. Smooth muscle has fusiform- shaped cells (spindle-like) without striations
51
Functional Characterization of Muscle
Muscle can be categorized functionally as voluntary or involuntary
52
Voluntary
Consciously controlled in order to perform a specific function. Skeletal muscle is voluntary.
53
Involuntary
Muscle that is not consciously controlled. Consists of smooth and cardiac muscle
54
How do muscles function?
They have two basic properties: excitability and contractility
55
Excitability
The ability of muscle tissue to receive and respond to electrical signals from nerves or stimulation from hormones
56
Contractility
When a muscle cell is excited by a nerve or hormone, this causes the muscle to shorten, resulting in contraction

ANAT 100 (3 decks)

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