Module 2 Flashcards
The Skeletal System
1
Q
Five Main Functions of the Skeletal System
A
Support, movement, protection, storage, blood cell formation
2
Q
Support
A
The large bones of the lower limbs act as pillars for the body trunk and the ribs anchor the thoracic wall. The skeleton provides framework that anchors all soft organs
3
Q
Protection
A
The rib cage encloses the thoracic cavity and the skull, and the vertebrae surround the soft tissue of the nervous system
4
Q
Storage
A
Fat is found in the interior of the bones, along with the bone matrix which serves as a reserve for various minerals
5
Q
Blood cell formation
A
Hematopoiesis (The production and maturation of all blood cell types) occurs within the marrow cavities of the bones
6
Q
Movement
A
Skeletal muscles use the bones as levers when they contract as they provide an attachment point for the muscles
7
Q
Axial Skeleton
A
- Skull
- Vertebral column
- The ribs
- Sternum
8
Q
Appendicular Skeleton
A
Upper limb and lower limb bones
9
Q
Flat Bones
A
Large surface area used for muscle attachment and protection of organs e.g. skull
10
Q
Long bones
A
Elongated cylindrical shaft - longer than they are wide e.g. femur
11
Q
Short bones
A
Stability and some movement e.g. wrist
12
Q
Irregular Bones
A
Vertebrae
13
Q
What are bones composed of?
A
Outer layer of compact bone and an inner layer of spongy bone
14
Q
Two layers that bone is composed of
A
Outer cortical layer: made up of compact bone which is hard and strong
Inner cancellous layer: made up of spongy bone, which appears porous and sponge like
15
Q
Medullary Cavity
A
The inner cavity of the bone where bone marrow produces blood cells
16
Q
Structure of Long Bones - Epiphysis
A
Knobby, enlarged regions at the end, form joints and serves as attachment sites for tendons and ligaments
17
Q
Structure of Long Bone - Metaphysis
A
Region between the diaphysis and epiphysis
18
Q
Structure of Long Bone- Diaphysis
A
Elongated cylindrical shaft
19
Q
Articular Cartilage
A
Covers the epiphysis, reduces friction between joints and absorbs shock in moveable joints
20
Q
Periosteum
A
A tough sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that covers the surface of bone, except for areas covered by articular cartilage. Periosteum protects the bone and contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone. It also has cells that are responsible for forming new bone tissue
21
Q
Cranial Bones - Frontal Bone
A
Single bone, forms the forehead and roof of orbits
22
Q
Cranial Bones - Temporal Bone
A
Paired and form the lateral and inferior walls of the skull
23
Q
Features of the Temporal Bone
A
- Zygomatic Process
- External Auditory meatus
- Mastoid Process
24
Q
Cranial Bones - Sphenoid Bone
A
Single bone, keystone of the skull as it joins the cranium and facial bones by attaching with almost every other bone of the skull
25
Cranial Bones - Parietal Bones
Single bone, forms superior and lateral surfaces of skull
26
Cranial Bones - Occipital Bone
Single bone, forms posterior wall and base of skull
27
Features of Occipital Bone - Foramen Magnum
Big hole. Allows the spinal cord to exit the cranial cavity
28
Features of the Occipital Bone - Occipital Condyles
Articulates with the first bone in the neck
29
Sutures
Attachments or articulations between the flat bones of the skull
30
Sutures - Coronal
Junction between frontal and parietal bones
31
Sutures - Sagittal
Junction between parietal bones
32
Sutures - Lambdoid
Junction between and occipital and parietal bones
33
Sutures - Squamous
Junction between temporal and parietal bones
34
Cranial Vault
The dome-shaped bony roof of the skull that encases the brain. It is formed by the frontal, parietal and occipital bones
35
Fossa
a depression in a a bone
36
Cranial Base
The floor of the cranium (cranial base) on which the brain sits contains 3 fossae:
anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa and posterior cranial fossa
37
Facial Bones - Maxillary Bones (Maxillae)
paired, upper jaw bones
38
Facial Bones - Nasal
Paired, articulate with the frontal bone and forms the bridge of the nose
39
Facial Bones - Zygomatic Bones
paired, forms the cheekbones. A feature of these bones is the temporal process, which articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch
40
Facial Bones - Mandible
single, forms the lower jaw
41
3 Parts of the mandible bone
1. Body
2. Ramus
3. Angle
42
Divisions of the Vertebral Column - Lumbar
end of the spine, 5 vertebrae
42
Divisions of the Vertebral Column - Cervical
Top of the spine, 7 vertebrae
42
Divisions of the Vertebral Column - Thoracic
middle of the spine, 12, vertebrae
43
Divisions of the Vertebral Column - Sacrum
5 fused vertebrae
44
Divisions of the Vertebral Column - Coccyx
4 fused vertebrae
45
Vertebrae structure
1. Body (anterior)
2. Vertebral arch (posterior)
3. Vertebral foramen (canal)
46
Vertebral Arch (Posterior)
Extends into the spinous and transverse process
47
Spinous Process
Extending posteriorly
48
Transverse Process
Paired, extending laterally
49
Vertebral Foramen (Canal)
Houses the spinal cord, all the vertebral foramina stack together to form the vertebral canal which houses the spinal cord
50
Atypical Vertebrae
C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis), the first and second cervical vertebrae
51
Two Features of the C1 that are Important for Articulation with Other Bones:
Anterior Arch: Provides surface for articulation with the dens
Lateral Masses: Provides surfaces for articulation with occipital condyles of the occipital bone
52
C2 (axis)
The main feature of C2 is the dens, which rests within the anterior arch of C1
53
Movement of C1 and C2
The skull rests on top of the lateral masses of C1 via the occipital condyles - allows for the "yes" movement of the head
Underneath C1 and the dens of C2 articulates/attaches with the anterior arch of C1 - allows for the movement of "no"
54
Vertebral Articulations
Individual vertebrae articulate or join to stack on top of one another. Two structures: Intervertebral discs and Intervertebral Foramina
55
Intervertebral Disc
"jelly-filled donut" located between two vertebrae, acts as a shock absorber
56
Intervertebral Foramina
Lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae that allow for the passage of spinal nerves
57
True Ribs
Pairs 1-7, articulates directly (individually) with sternum
58
False Ribs
Pairs 8-10, no direct articulation with the sternum; they join rib 7 to indirectly articulate with the sternum
59
Floating Ribs
Pairs 11-12, no articulation with the sternum
60
Structure of a Typical Rib
A typical rib is long, flat, and twisted, consisting of a head, neck, tubercle, shaft (body), and angle (where the shaft is bent sharply anteriorly).
The shaft has a sharp inferior border which is grooved (costal groove).
The head of a typical rib articulates with the bodies of two thoracic vertebrae, while the tubercle of the rib has a facet for articulation with the transverse process of one vertebra.
61
Sternum
The sternum (breastbone) makes up the anterior portion of the thoracic cage
62
3 Parts of the Sternum
1. Manubrium - articulation with rib 1
2. Body - articulates with rib 2-7
3. The xiphoid process
63
Thoracic Cage
Made up of the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, ribs laterally, sternum anteriorly
64
Pectoral Girdle
Connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton and is formed by the clavicle and scapula
65
Clavicle
An S-shaped bone. It joins with the manubrium of the sternum medially (proximally) and the scapula laterally (distally)
66
Scapula - Anterior Surface
a feature is the coracoid process. Together with the acromion, the coracoid process helps stabilize the shoulder joint
67
Scapula - Posterior Surface
The posterior surface features of the scapula are the acromion and spine
68
Scapula - Lateral Surface
The lateral surface feature of the scapula is the glenoid fossa, which articulates with the head of the humerus to contribute to the shoulder joint
69
Arm - Humerus
Articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula to form the shoulder joint, and distally with the radius and ulna to form the elbow joint
70
Features of the Humerus - Anterior view
1. head
2. neck
3. shaft
4. Lateral epicondyle
5. Medial epicondyle
5. Capitulum
6. Trochlea
71
Features of the Humerus - Posterior View
1. head
2. neck
3. shaft
4. Olecranon fossa
72
Forearm - Composed of Two Bones
1. Radius
2. Ulna
73
Radius
In anatomical position, the radius is laterally placed (thumb side) with reference to the forearm, and has the features which include:
1. Head (proximal end)
Round disc-shaped head which articulates with the capitulum (distal end) of the humerus
* Articulates with the ulna
2. Shaft
3. Neck
4. Distal end:
* Wide and flat, articulates with the carpal (wrist) bones to form the wrist joint.
* Styloid process
74
Ulna
In the anatomical position, the ulna is medially placed (little finger side) with reference to the forearm. It looks like a pipe wrench and its features include: Proximal end:
* Articulates with the distal end of the humerus
* Olecranon: fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus
* Trochlear notch: C-shaped depression which interlocks with the trochlea of the humerus
Shaft
Neck
Head (distal end):
* Styloid process
75
Wrist
8 carpal bones (short bones)
76
Palm/hand
5 metacarpal bones (long bones)
77
Digits/fingers
14 phalanges (long bones)
78
Pelvic Girdle
Attaches the lower limb to the axial skeleton, it is formed by the hip bones
79
Three Parts of the Pelvic Girdle
1. Ilium
2. Ischium
3. Pubis
80
Ilium
The largest bone in the pelvic girdle, it makes up the superior position of the pelvic girdle
81
Components of the Ilium
1. Posterior superior Iliac spine
2. Posterior inferior iliac spine
3. Iliac crest
4. Anterior superior iliac spine
5. Anterior inferior iliac spine
82
Ischium and Pubis
The pubis fuses with both the ilium and ischium. It also unites with the other pubic bone at the pubic symphysis
83
Features of the Pelvis - Greater Sciatic Notch
Located between the PIIS and the ischial spine. It allows the passage of major nerves and vessels from the pelvic cavity to the posterior region of the lower limb
84
Features of the Pelvis - Lesser Sciatic Notch
Located between the ischial spine and the ischial tuberosity. It permits the
passage of structures from the pelvic cavity to the genital region
85
Features of the Pelvis - Acetabulum
Deep curved depression for articulation with the head of the femur
86
Features of the Pelvis - Obturator Foramen
Large opening on the anterior and inferior aspect of each pelvic girdle for the passage of nerves and blood vessels
87
Features of the Femur
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Shaft
88
Proximal End of Femur
The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic girdle forming the hip joint. The proximal end has other bumps/projections that serve as surfaces for muscle attachment
89
Distal End of the Femur
Articulates with the Tibula and the Patella, forming the knee joint. Features of the distal end include: Medial and lateral condyles - these are the parts of the femur that form the knee joint with the tibula. Patellar (knee cap) surface which is the articular surface on the anterior aspect of the femur and forms a groove for the patella.
90
The Leg
Composed of two bones, the tibula and fibula. The tibula is placed medially while the fibula is placed laterally
91
Tibula
The only weight-bearing bone of the leg and processes.
Features:
□ Proximal end
® Medial and lateral condyles: articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the femur
® Tibial tuberosity
□ Shaft
® Anterior border
□ Distal end
® Medial malleolus
92
Fibula
Does not bear or transfer any weight, the lateral malleolus provides lateral stability to the ankle joint
Features:
○ Proximal end
* Medial head which articulates with the tibula
○ Neck
○ Shaft
○ Distal end:
* Lateral malleolus
93
Ankle
7 Tarsal bones (short bones)
94
Foot
5 metatarsal bones (long bones)
95
Digits/toes
14 phalanges (long bones)
96
Articulation - Joints
Where the bone meets another bone, cartilage or teeth
97
Most mobile joints
The most unstable
98
Most Immobile
The most stable
99
Classification of Joints
Structural classification is based on the type of materials that unite the articulating bones. Functional classification is based on the extent of movement they permit
100
Synovial Joints
Joints in which the articulating bones are enclosed by a joint capsule with a fluid filled cavity
e.g., shoulder, knee, hip
101
Movements - Gliding
The motion of bones sliding on one another
102
Movements - Angular
A motion that changes a joint angle
103
Angular movements - Flexion
Decreasing the angle between articulating bones - bending
104
Angular movements - Extension
Increasing the angle between articulating bones - straightening
105
Movements - Abduction
Movement away from the midline
106
Angular movements - Adduction
Movement towards the midline
107
Movements - Rotation
A joint pivots around its own axis
108
Rotation Movements - Medial Rotation
Towards the midline
109
Rotation Movements - Lateral Rotation
Away from the midline
110
Special Movements - Supination and Pronation
Rotation of the radius over the ulna. Occurs when the forearm rotates so the palm faces anteriorly, versus pronation which occurs when the
forearm rotates so the palm faces posteriorly.
111
Special movements - Eversion
Twisting motion of the ankle - the ankle is twisted so the soles of the feet turn laterally
111
Special Movements - Inversion
Twisting motion of the ankle - ankle is twisted so the soles of the feet turn medially
112
Special Movements - Circumduction
Continuous movement that combines flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in succession
