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ANAT 100 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Organization of the Human Body

A

Chemical level - a molecule is a group of atoms bonded together

Cellular level - cells are the smallest living structure and are formed from atoms and molecules

Tissue level - tissues are similar cells that perform specialized functions

Organ system level - related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function

Organismal level - all body systems function interdependently in a single living human

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2
Q

Body Divisions - Two Separate Parts

A

Axial - Forms the main vertical axis of the body, including the head, neck and trunk

Appendicular - Includes the limbs or appendages that attach to the axis

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3
Q

Organ Systems - Integumentary System

A

Makes up our body covering and includes our skin and associated structures such as our hair and nails

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4
Q

Organ Systems - Skeletal System

A

Includes the bones and joints of the body

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4
Q

Organ Systems - Muscular System

A

Contains muscles, works with the skeletal system for movement and support

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5
Q

Organ Systems - Nervous System

A

Includes the brain, spinal cord and nerves that run throughout the body

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6
Q

Organ Systems - Endocrine System

A

Includes glands that produce and secrete hormones

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7
Q

Organ Systems - Digestive System

A

Starts at the mouth with a long tube and ends at the anus

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8
Q

Organ Systems - Respiratory System

A

Allows you to breath and includes the nose, air passageways and lungs

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9
Q

Organ Systems - Cardiovascular System

A

Includes blood, blood vessels and the heart

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10
Q

Organ Systems - Lymphatic Vessels

A

Includes the lymphatic vessels, cells and structures that can initiate an immune response

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11
Q

Organ Systems - Urinary System

A

Includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The respiratory, cardiovascular, lymphatic and urinary systems function together in the processing and transportation of nutrients, oxygen and waste products

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12
Q

Organ Systems - Reproductive System

A

Provides the means for sexual maturation and procreation of each individual

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13
Q

Body Cavities - Ventral

A

Divided into two big groups: Thoracic (above the diaphragm) and Abdominopelvic (below the diaphragm)

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14
Q

Thoracic Body Cavity

A
  1. Superior Mediastinum
    * Esophagus
    * Trachea
  2. Pericardial
    * Heart
  3. Pleural
    * Lungs
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15
Q

Abdominopelvic Body Cavity

A
  1. Abdominal
    * Digestive Viscera
  2. Pelvic
    * Urinary bladder and reproductive organs
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16
Q

Body Cavities - Dorsal

A

Brain and spinal cord, can be divided into two cavities - cranial and Vertebral

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17
Q

Cranial Body Cavity

A

Houses the brain

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18
Q

Vertebral

A

Contains the spinal cord

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19
Q

Directional Terms - Superior

A

Above or over

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20
Q

Directional Terms - Inferior

A

Below or under

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21
Q

Directional Terms - Anterior

A

In front

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22
Q

Directional Terms - Posterior

A

After, behind, following, towards the rear

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23
Q

Directional Terms - Medial

A

Towards the midline, middle, away from the side

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24
Directional Terms - Lateral
Towards the side, away from the middle of the body
25
Directional Terms - Proximal
Near, closer to the origin
26
Directional Terms - Distal
Away, farther from the origin
27
Anatomical Position
* Standing upright * Feet parallel and on the floor * Head level and looking forward * Arms at side of body * Palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from body
28
Superficial (external layer of skin)
Closer to the surface of the body
29
Deep to the skin
Farther from the surface of the body
30
Parietal
Indicating component of the body walls, which may include muscles, connective tissue and tissue covering the organs
31
Visceral
Lines the outer surfaces of organs that are located within the cavities
32
Sagittal Plane
Vertical Plane that divides the body into left and right parts
33
Coronal Plane
Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
34
Oblique Plane
Plane that passes through the body at an angle
35
Longitudinal Planes
Perpendicular to the horizontal plane - sagittal and coronal are examples
36
Four Levels of Basic Tissue
1. Epithelial Tissue 2. Connective Tissue 3. Nervous Tissue 4. Muscular Tissue
37
What is Epithelial Tissue Composed of?
Composed of closely apposed (side by side) cells with very little or no intervening substance
38
Two Types of Epithelium
1. covering - Cells that cover the external and internal surfaces 2. Glandular - Cells that produce and secrete product, like hormones
39
Characteristics of Epithelium
1. Cellularity 2. Polarity 3. Attachment 4. Avascularity 5. Regeneration
40
Polarity
Epithelial cell has an exposed (apical) surface that faces the exterior of the body or internal space, a basal surface where it is attached to the underlying tissue
41
Cellularity
Adjacent epithelial cells are joined by four specialized junctions: tight junctions, adhering junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions | junctions
42
Attachment
Epithelial cells rest on and are attached to the basal lamina (basement membrane)
43
Avascularity
Epithelial tissues have no direct blood supply, they receive nutrients from the blood vessels in the underlying tissue
44
Functions of Epithelium
1. Support and protection 2. Permeability 3. Sensation 4. Secretion
44
Regeneration
Epithelial cells are renewed continuously
45
Support and protection -Epithelium
Epithelium covers and lines external and internal surfaces of the body protecting the underlying tissue from injury, pathogens and dehydration
46
Permeability
Epithelium allows substances to be absorbed into the body
47
Sensation
Some epithelial tissues contain specialized cells that are able to detect sensory stimuli
48
Secretion
Some epithelial tissues are specialized to secrete specific substances
49
Classifying Epithelium
Epithelium can be classified based on its cell organization or cell shape
50
Classifying Epithelium - Organization
Simple: Epithelium is only one cell layer thick Stratified: Epithelium that is two or more cell layers thick; only the deepest layer of cells is in contact with the basal lamina
51
Classifying Epithelium - Cell Shape
Squamous: Flat, wide and somewhat irregular in shape Cuboidal: About the same size on all sides, nucleus is usually centrally located Columnar: Taller than they are wide; nucleus is oval and located in the basal region of the cells
52
Naming Epithelial Tissue
Cell organization = first name Cell shape = last name
53
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Consists of a single layer of flattered cells single layer of flattened cells provides a thin barrier between vessels and tissues, allowing material to travel a short distance between the two
54
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Single layer of cube shaped cells
55
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Single layer of column shaped cells
56
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Multiple layers of flat shaped cells
57
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Multiple layers of cube shaped cells
58
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Multiple layers of column shaped cells
59
Transitional Epithelium
Multiple layers of epithelial cells that allow for stretching, which vary in shape. Characteristic feature is the presence of domed shaped surface cells which is a reflection of the relaxed state; when stretched these surface cells flatten out
60
Pseudostratified Epithelium
Single layer of cells and has its cell nuclei positioned in a manner suggestive of stratified epithelium. The short cilia on the surface help in the moving mucous
61
Connective Tissue
The most widespread and abundant type of tissue in the human body. It is the most diverse of the tissue types with a variety of functions. ranging in consistency from the gel-like softness if areolar connective tissue to the hardness of bone
62
Functions of Connective Tissue - Support and Protection
The bones of the skull protect the brain and the kidneys are surrounded by a fat padding that protects it
63
Functions of Connective Tissue - Structural Framework for the Body
Cartilage supports body structures such as the windpipe (trachea), ears and nose. Bones of the skeleton provide the framework for skeletal muscles
64
Functions of Connective Tissue - Medium for Exchange Nutrients and Metabolic Waste
Blood serves as a medium that carries gases, nutrients, waste and blood cells to different parts of the body
65
Functions of Connective Tissue - Storage and Repair
Bone stores minerals such as calcium; fat serves as a major energy reservoir for the body
66
Functions of Connective Tissue - Defence
Performs this function through a number of ways such as acting as a physical barrier, through white blood cells and antibody production
67
Components of Connective Tissue
1. cells 2. Fibers 3. ground substance
68
Components of Connective Tissue - Cells
Some cells are fixed, they are permanent residents in the connective tissue. Others are wandering, they are transient migrants who have entered the CT from blood in response to specific stimuli
69
Components of Connective Tissue - Fibers
There are three types of fibers secreted by fibroblasts. Each type of fibre is formed by proteins made of long peptide chains. Different components and proportions of fibre types lead to diverse functions of various CT to stretch. 1. Collagen 2. Reticular 3. Elastic
70
Elastic Fibers
Thin and branched, elastic fibres appear wavy or curly and they have rubber-like material that is able to stretch
71
Collagen Fibres
The most common fibre type is the collagen fibre. These are flexible fibres with a high tensile strength. The microscopic structure of collagen fibre appears similar to a rope
72
Reticular Fibers
Reticular fibres are thin fibres that form a branching interwoven network with no common alignment
73
Ground Substance
Occupies the space between the cells and fibers of connective tissues. It has high water content, is transparent, colourless and viscous
74
Types of Connective Tissue
1. Connective Tissue Proper 2. Supporting Connective Tissue 3. Specialized (Fluid) Connective Tissue
75
Connective Tissue Proper
1. Loose Connective Tissue 2. Dense Connective Tissue
76
Supporting Connective Tissue
1. Bone 2. Cartilage
77
Specialized (Fluid) Connective Tissue
1. Blood 2. Lymph
78
Loose Connective Tissue
has more ground substance with few CT fibres
79
Dense Connective Tissue
has less ground substance with more CT fibres - found in ligaments and tendons
80
Bone
Important structural tissue that forms the framework of the body
81
Functions of Bone
1. Support 2. Locomotion 3. Protection 4. Blood cell production 5. Mineral metabolism
82
Composition of Bone
1/3 organic components (cells, fibres, ground substance) and 2/3 inorganic components (minerals and salts)
83
Structural Unit of the Bone
Structured pattern of repeating cylindrical structures called osteons. Each is made of concentric rings with a hallow central canal known as the Haversian canal. The cellular components of bone are located between concentric rings.
84
Cartilage
It is a firm tissue, but it is softer and more flexible than bone. Found in many areas including: joints between moveable bones, between vertebrae in the spine, ears and nose
85
Components of Cartilage
Cells - primarily chondrocytes, located throughout the ground substance in small spaces called lacunae that contain one or more cells Fibres - Various collagen or elastic fibres scattered throughout Ground substance - firm gel that makes cartilage solid. Cells called chondrocytes are located throughout the intercellular substance
86
Additional Components of Cartilage
Perichondrium - Dense irregular connective tissue that envelops cartilage to provide nutrients Lacunae - Small spaces in cartilage that house one or more chondrocytes
87
Hyaline Cartilage
Wear-resistant tissue that is designed to bear and distribute weight. Strong, rubbery, flexible tissue located in joint surface of moveable joints, walls of the nose, trachea, bronchi and ribs
88
Fibrocartilage
Tough and inflexible form of cartilage. Durable and resistant to compression located in: intervertebral discs and symphysis pubis
89
Elastic Cartilage
More flexible than hyaline cartilage Located in: External ear, eustachian tube and epiglottis
90
Blood
The fluid within blood vessels and the heart. Contains various cells and proteins and performs a number of essential functions within the body
91
Lymph
Interstitial fluid (fluid that bathes cells) that is collected into thin-walled lymphatic vessels and transported to the cardiovascular system
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ANAT 100 (3 decks)

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