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Kin 235 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What function do the lungs serve

A

they act as the location for gas exchange, and as the boundary between atmosphere and venous blood

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2
Q

What changes in ventilation during exercise? Why?

A

it increases to balance O2 consumption and CO2 production AKA maintains acid base balance

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3
Q

What are the alveoli

A

the point of gas exchange

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4
Q

how many alveoli are there

A

more than 500 million in the lungs. their surface area is 85m^2/4L, internal surface of 100m^2/L?

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5
Q

What are the zones of ventilation from top to bottom

A

trachea
primary bronchus
bronchus
bronchi
bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs

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6
Q

What is inspiration/expiration dependent on?

A

primary: the pressure differential (pressure diff between atmosphere and alveoli)
secondary: acid base balance

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7
Q

What is boyles law

A

when temp is constant, the product of pressure and volume remains constant.

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8
Q

what is the formula for boyles law

A

P1V1 = P2V2

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9
Q

How is CO2 formed?

A

by metabolism (of carb, fat etc?)

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10
Q

How is air moved in and out of the lungs

A

Diaphragm creates vacuum essentially

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11
Q

How do ATP demands affect breathing?

A

increased ATP demands = increased ventilation
Increased ATP levels = feedback inhibition to slow breathing

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12
Q

what occurs with increased ATP demand

A

increased oxygen demand
increased respiration (detected by chemoreceptors)

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13
Q

What occurs with increased ATP levels in the body

A

decreased oxygen demand
decreased respiration

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14
Q

define minute ventilation

A

the amount of air one breathes in a minute

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15
Q

what is the formula for VE

A

VE = fb x vt
fb = breathing frequency
vt = tidal volume

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16
Q

at rest, what is vt and fb

A

vt = 500mL
fb = 12 breaths/minute

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17
Q

What are the concentrations of atmospheric gas

A

O2 = 20.93%
CO2 = 0.03%
inert gases (N2) = 79.04%

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18
Q

what is dalton’s law

A

the total pressure of non-reactive gases is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures

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19
Q

what equation represents dalton’s law

A

Partial pressure = concentration (%) x total pressure

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20
Q

what is 1 standard atmosphere equal to

A

760mmHg at sea level. at high altitude it is 220mmHg

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21
Q

What are the key gas change parameters

A

VO2, VCO2, Ve, RER

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22
Q

What is open circuit spirometry

A

using ambient air, measures O2 uptake and CO2 production

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23
Q

what is the formula for VO2

A

VO2 = diff in inhalation and exhalation

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24
Q

define hyperventilation

A

rapid and deep breathing

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25
Q

what physiological effects does hyperventilation have on the body?

A

it increases pulmonary ventilation, exceeds O2 consumption and CO2 elimination metabolism needs.

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26
Q

define dyspnea

A

shortness of breath, not getting enough air

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27
Q

describe what is meant by pressure differential

A

difference in pressure between two points

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28
Q

Describe the pathway of gas exchange in the lungs

A

O2 travels from high to low pressure (to alveolar membrane)
CO2 diffuses into lungs

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29
Q

Why does CO2 diffuse easily into the lungs

A

Because it has a higher pressure when returning in the veins compared to oxygen

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30
Q

How long does blood spend in the capillary?

A

0.75 seconds

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31
Q

What can impair gas transfer

A
  1. Buildup of pollutant layer in alveolar membrane
  2. reduction in alveolar surface area
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32
Q

How does impaired gas transfer directly affect performance

A

When exercising, the extra demand for gas exchange means less aeration, which limits performance. People with impaired lungs cannot get proper amounts of gas in their blood

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33
Q

What is the fick equation

A

VO2 = cardiac output x A-VO2 diff
= SV x HR x (arterial oxygen content - venous oxygen content)

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34
Q

what are the equations for venous and arterial oxygen content

A

venous = CvO2
arterial = CaO2

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35
Q

What are the functions of O2 in the body

A
  • establishes PO2 of plasma/tissue fluids
  • regulates breathing
  • determines O2 loading/unloading
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36
Q

how much oxygen is in the blood at rest vs mod vs intense exercise

A

20ml per 100mL of blood
arterial: saturation may decrease due to higher utilization, cardiac output levels out the amount of O2 in the blood (arterial)
venous: oxygen content significantly decreases between rest and exercise due to higher utilization of oxygen

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37
Q

how is oxygen transported in blood

A
  1. physical solution
  2. hemoglobin
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38
Q

how much hemoglobin is in the blood

A

roughly 15g per 100mL (1.39mL oxygen binds to 1g hB)

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39
Q

define hemoglobin

A

iron-containing globular protein pigment

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40
Q

Is hemoglobin much better at carrying oxygen than physical solution

A

Yes! It carries 65-70 times more oxygen

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41
Q

How many oxygen molecules bind to one hemoglobin

A
  1. one for each iron containing protein
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42
Q

What dictates oxygenation of hemoglobin

A

partial pressure of O2. higher pressure = higher unloading

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43
Q

What are the hemoglobin differences between men and women

A

men = 15 g, women = 14 g

44
Q

draw the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A
45
Q

What is the Bohr effect

A

bohr effect explains the affect of temperature and acidity on oxygen affinity
increased pH = increased affinity (less likely to let go of O)
increased temp = less affinity (more likely to let go of O)

46
Q

What does an increase in acidity or temp mean for the oxyhemoglobin curve

A

it shifts down and right
decreased affinity, increased unloading

47
Q

When do we see the Bohr effect most at work

A

During intense exercise. Exercise increases CO2 levels, O2 release, temperature and acidity from lactate

48
Q

What is the partial pressure of venous oxygen at rest

A

40mmHg

49
Q

What is the arteriovenous oxygen difference?

A

describes the difference between oxygen content at arteries vs veins

50
Q

what is the average a-vo2

A

4-5ml O2/dL blood

51
Q

Oxygen can release itself to tissues without needing __________

A

an increase in blood flow. Instead, we can see higher unloading through the bohr effect

52
Q

How does the unloading of oxygen change in vigorous exercise compared to rest

A

increases by 3 times the resting level

53
Q

The supply of what limits aerobic exercise

A

O2! We learned that O2 usage is not what limits it, but the supply of it

54
Q

define myoglobin

A

iron containing protein in muscle fibres

55
Q

Why is myoglobin important?

A

it acts as storage for intramuscular O2 storage

56
Q

How are myoglobin and hemoglobin different?

A

Hemoglobin is in the blood, has 4 iron atoms
myoglobin is in the muscle, has 1 iron atom

57
Q

Describe the curve for myoglobin. What does it mean for its affinity and unloading?

A

It means that it binds + retains O2 at low partial pressure of oxygen

58
Q

when is myoglobin useful?

A

when exercise initially begins and during intense exercise (AKA when the pressure of oxygen declines dramatically)

59
Q

when does myoglobin maintain a high oxygen saturation?

A

at rest and moderate exercise

60
Q

At what level of partial pressure of oxygen does myoglobin do most of its unloading?

A

5mmHg

61
Q

What conditions do not affect myoglobin affinity for oxygen?

A

acidity, CO2, and temperature

62
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A
  1. plasma (very small amount)
  2. hemoglobin
  3. plasma bicarbonate
63
Q

How is CO2 transported via plasma bicarbonate

A

CO2 combines with water = carbonic acid
acid ionizes into H and bicarbonate
@ tissue: CO2 + water = H and carbonate
@lungs: H + bicarbonate = CO2 + water

64
Q

how is pulmonary ventilation regulated

A
  • neural circuits (brain)
  • chemical state of blood
  • gaseous state of blood
65
Q

what factors affect medullary control of pulmonary ventilation

A
  • peripheral chemoreceptors
  • lung receptors
  • proprioceptors
  • core temp
  • chemical state of blood
66
Q

how do peripheral chemoreceptors and plasma PO2 relate to each other?

A

peripheral chemoreceptors measure PO2 to defend against hypoxia, and regulate ventilation at higher altitudes. (all to prevent hypoxia)

67
Q

Why is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide so important?

A

it acts as a stimulus for respiratory changes! Small increases in PCO2 = large increases in Ve

68
Q

Why is plasma acidity important for ventilation?

A

It has a big effect on ventilation
decreased pH = acidosis = CO2 retention = carbonic acid formation = decline in arterial pH = H accumulation = respiration increase to eliminate CO2 and carbonic acid levels

69
Q

how long after holding your breath does the stimulus to breathe hit? Why does it hit?

A

40 seconds. Because of increased arterial PCO2 and H concentration! you hit your breaking point at 50mmHg

70
Q

Why does hyperventilating before holding your breath help?

A

Because it lowers alveolar PCO2 (to about 15mmHg), meaning you have more time before you hit your breaking point again.
More CO2 leaves the blood @ hyperventilation, since you’re expelling it faster than it can be produced

71
Q

Describe the process behind free diving blackout

A

You hit critically low oxygen levels before you hit CO2 threshold for breathing

72
Q

Describe the chemical control of ventilation during PA

A

Primarily responds to PCO2 using arterial and central chemoreceptors to assess the chemical state of blood. It does not fully account for changes in ventilation during physical activity.

73
Q

what happens to alveolar PO2 and PCO2 during exercise

A

nothing! they stay pretty level from resting levels

74
Q

Do large increases in PCO2 change PO2 or PCO2?

A

No!

75
Q

What are the major ventilation phases

A
  1. medulla increases ventilation (sensory feedback and cerebral cortex stimulate medulla)
  2. Plateau, then quick rise to steady state
  3. fine tuning of steady state rate ventilation (through sensory feedback)
76
Q

How does minute ventilation change with VO2 and VCO2?

A

linearly!

77
Q

What is the average ventilation for each L of oxygen consumed

A

20-25 L

78
Q

How does minute ventilation increase with growing intensities? What comes first?

A
  1. Tidal volume will be responsible for big changes early on
  2. increasing intensity means increasing breathing frequency
79
Q

what is ventilatory equivalent

A

the ratio of minute ventilation to oxygen consumption (how much we need to breathe to get a certain amount of oxygen)

= Ve / VO2

80
Q

what is the formula for ventilatory equivalent

A

Ve/VO2

81
Q

What is ventilatory equivalent during submax exercise

A

25L, up to 55% of VO2 (max?)

82
Q

What is ventilatory threshold

A

the point at which ventilation increases significantly (at a faster rate than oxygen uptake, or VO2)

83
Q

define buffering

A

chemical and physiological mechanisms to minimize changes in H concentration

84
Q

what are the mechanisms for balancing pH

A
  1. Chemical buffer: weak acid + salt of acid
    • when H is high = weak acid
    • when H is low = release of H
    • 3 types of buffers
  2. pulmonary ventilation
  3. renal function
85
Q

what are the types of chemical buffers?

A
  1. bicarbonate = carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate
    • increase in H/CO2 = elimination of CO2, carbonic acid
    • decrease in H/CO2 = retention of CO2, bicarbonate
  2. protein
  3. physiological buffer (ventilation)
    - increase in H = increase ventilation
    - decrease in H = decrease ventilation
86
Q

What are some possible factors that contribute to lactate threshold?

A
  • inadequate O2 delivery
  • anaerobic metabolism
  • buffering
  • minute ventilation
87
Q

What are the three zones of exercise intensity

A
  1. lactate accumulation not begun 50%
  2. lactate out of control (max oxygen consumption) 75%
  3. working towards VO2 max 100%
88
Q

What is polarized training?

A

describes the training of zones 1 and 3, but not so much zone 2

89
Q

What is meant by energy cost of breathing

A

The amount of oxygen/ATP that is required to actually breathe! increases with intensity, too

90
Q

how does energy cost of breathing change with PA

A

it increases! Demands go up with intensity. oxygen, ATP, ventilation demands all increase, and with increasing minute ventilation comes more energy requirements of larger tidal volume

91
Q

what is the energy cost of hyperpnea

A

hyperpnea=15% VO2
light intensity = 3-5%
mod = 8-11%
high intensity = ?

92
Q

As we work harder, what happens to our energy cost of breathing

A

it increases. We are going to give a larger percentage of the oxygen that our body is bringing in to the muscles that need it

93
Q

what is the relationship between Ve and energy cost of berathing?

A

non linear. increasing

94
Q

What is work and displacement equal to in the respiratory system

A

pressure and change in volume

95
Q

Where do we see most of the adaptation on aerobic endurance?

A

not so much ventilation/pulmonary structure adaptations. more so cardiovascular and neuromuscular

96
Q

Why do we hyperventilate at higher intensities? what does it do to the body?

A

Because the body experiences inreased oxygen demands, and a higher need to expel CO2. Hyperventilation acheives both

97
Q

what does the body’s oxygen supply depend upon?

A

gas concentration
gas pressure

98
Q

what happens to PO2 and PCO2 with exercise

A

rest in muscle cell: PO2=40mmHg PCO2=46mmHg
exercise in muscle cell: PO2=0mmHg PCO2 = 90mmHg

99
Q

why is it important to have a background level of carbon dioxide

A

because it allows for stimulation of the medulla and respiratory centres. without it, they wouldn’t be stimulated, and wouldn’t be able to modulate respiratory activity

100
Q

What factors of Bohr’s effect lead to an increase in oxygen release

A
  1. increased heat
  2. increased CO2
  3. increased acidity
101
Q

How do arterial and venous PO2 and PCO2 levels differ?

A

PO2 decreases (100 to 40mmHg)
PCO2 increases (40 to 46mmHg)

102
Q

How does hemoglobin saturation of oxygen change with exercise

A

hemoglobin release increases with exercise
exercise = increased temp and acidity = more unloading
hemoglobin saturation might decrease slightly but compensation occurs (increasing cardiac output or breathing)

103
Q

How does EPOC change with exercise intensities

A

light = small EPOC
mod = mod EPOC
heavy = large EPOC

104
Q

How does EPOC change with people of different training levels

A

trained people will have smaller EPOC, since their body is more accustomed to activity
untrained will have larger EPOC

105
Q

in what scenarios might a trained person have a larger EPOC than untrained?

A

When the exercise intensity or duration is longer! Trained individuals are more able to push themselves physically, leading to a larger EPOC

106
Q

How does venous partial pressure of oxygen change across exercise intensities?

A

Rest: 40mmHg
mod: 30mmHg
intense: 20mmHg

Kin 235 (8 decks)

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