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Kin 235 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What actually releases energy from ATP

A

Breaking the bond between ATP and ADP

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2
Q

what substance provides the major source of energy?

A

macronutrients! They have to be catabolized though

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3
Q

What is the equation for ATP hydrolysis

A

ATP + H2O -> ADP + P

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4
Q

what powers all forms of biological work

A

hydrolysis (ATP)

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5
Q

If you dont know the answer to a KIN course, the answer is

A

calcium

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6
Q

Under what conditions do we see a decrease in ATP levels

A

extreme exercise

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7
Q

how much ATP is stored in the body at any time

A

80-100 g, enough for 2-3 seconds of max exercise

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8
Q

where are the two sites of ATP production

A

mitochondria or cytosol

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9
Q

What ATP production process occurs in the cytosol

A

glycolysis

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10
Q

What substrates are involved in glycolysis

A

glucose, glycogen and NAD

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11
Q

What ATP production process occurs in the mitochondra

A

oxidative phosphorylation (ETC), beta oxidation

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12
Q

what cells are multinucleated

A

muscle cells

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13
Q

What kind of athletes have more intramuscular fat

A

endurance runners. They have high levels of fat but burn off so much of it that they’re not unhealthy

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14
Q

Are lipids around mitochondria good

A

no

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15
Q

How much PCr is stored in cells

A

4-6 times as much ATP

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16
Q

At what time does PCr reach its max yield

A

10 seconds

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17
Q

Summarize the chemical process behind PCr

A

ATP -> ADP + P + energy,
PCr+ADP->Cr+ATP+energy

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18
Q

what are the main substances used in metabolism

A

carbs, triglycerides and proteins

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19
Q

what are the main differences between anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis

A

both in oxygen supply and fate of pyruvate

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20
Q

describe the process of rapid glycolysis

A
  1. (Glucose + ATP) x 2
  2. 2 x (NAD takes two H to form NADH H to go ETC)
  3. 2 x (ADP forms ATP)
  4. 2x (H2O produced)
  5. 2 x (ATP produced)
  6. end result pyruvate
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21
Q

What enzyme transfers lactate and pyruvate

A

lactate dehydrogenase

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22
Q

what enzymes are important in rapid glycolysis

A

hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase, fructose 1 6-diphosphate

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23
Q

How much energy is released in rapid glycolysis

A

5%. 95% of the potential energy is held in the pyruvate molecule

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24
Q

Describe the process behind slow glycolysis

A
  1. rapid glycolysis
  2. pyruvate changed to acetyl coa
  3. Acetyl coa goes through citric acid cycle and ETC
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25
Q

When is the other 95% of energy released?

A

when pyruvate converts to acetylcoa

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26
Q

How many carbon do we lose per glucose

A

6

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27
Q

what are some important enzymes in the citric acid cycle

A

succinate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase

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28
Q

at what point is slow glycolysis irreversible

A

when we convert pyruvate to acetyl coa

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29
Q

citric acid cycle

A
  1. pyruvate goes through dehydrogenase with NADh and coenzyme A
  2. produce acetyl-CoA
  3. THEN citric acid cycle
  4. produces a bunch of H
  5. produce 3 NADH + H, 1 FADH, 2 CO2 and ATP
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30
Q

what are the key enzymes in citric acid cycle

A

citrate synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase

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31
Q

What are oxygen’s roles in energy metabolism

A
  • it is the major oxidizing agent
  • acts as rate limiting step
  • acts as final electron acceptor
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32
Q

what does the ETC act as

A

represents the final common pathway where electrons are extracted and H combines with O

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33
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation

A

it is a process that synthesizes ATP by transferring electrons between NADH, FADH2 to oxygen

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34
Q

what is the “phosporylation” in oxidative phosphorylation

A

ADP becoming ATP

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35
Q

what is the equation for oxidative phosphorylation

A

NADH + H + 3ATP + 3P + 1/2O2 -> NAD + H2O +3ATP

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36
Q

define glycogenesis, glycogenloysis

A

glycogenesis: glycogen synthesis
glycogenolysis: glycogen breakdown

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37
Q

Compare fat vs CHO oxidation byproducts

A

CHO = 6CO2, 32ATP, 1 O2 per C
FAT = 16CO2, 129ATP, 1.5O2 per C

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38
Q

Define respiratory quotient

A

RQ = CO2 produced / O2 consumed

39
Q

what does the RQ approximate

A

the nutrient mixture used for energy. Since carb RQ = 1, and fat RQ = 0.7, we can calculate RQ to measure which macronutrients were likely used!

40
Q

What is the RQ for macronutrients

A

carb = 1 (6/6)
fat = 0.7 (16/23)

41
Q

what is the respiratory exchange ratio

A

it is the ….
diff from RQ because it looks at non steady conditions, and measures via gas exchange (indirect calorimetry)

42
Q

Describe anabolism

A

uses ATP, synthesizes end products

43
Q

describe catabolism

A

takes carbs, turns it into ATP

44
Q

How can energy transfer result in little heat loss

A

energy lost by one molecule can transfer to the chemical structure of another without appearing as heat

45
Q

When exercise begins, what happens to a bunch of systems?

A

they are all activated really quickly to increase energy transfer

46
Q

for each hydrogen aotm pair, what happens in the ETC

A

2 electrons flow down and reduce O to H2O.
the passage of e allows enough energy to take ADP -> ATP

47
Q

what happens at the last protein cytochrome in the eTC

A

the last protein complex has strong oxygen affinity? and it discharges its electron directly onto the oxygen

48
Q

what are the prereqs for constant ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation

A

tissue availability for NADH and FADH
oxidizing agent present in tissues
sufficient enzyme and mitochondria concentrations

49
Q

what imbalance is caused by inadequate oxygen

A

hydrogen release and terminal oxidative. it ends up with electron flow getting backed up and hydrogen accumulating to NAD and FAD

50
Q

oxygen at the end of the ETC determines what

A

aerobic ATP capacity: max amount of ATP to be aerobically produced. low oxygen means less ATP

51
Q

what activities correspond with which energy systems

A

ATP = sprint, golf swing, 1RM
fast glucose = sprints, hockey
aerobic CHO = 100m, 5km
fat = marathon

52
Q

define lactate threshold

A

the point at which our body can no longer clear the lactate in our blood stream. represents the highest intensity for a period of time that we can exercise

53
Q

For each kg of muscle, how much ATP does it have

A

3-8mmol of ATP, 4-5 times that in PCr

54
Q

do movements rely exclusively on certain energy systems

A

Yes! Some are completely reliant on PCr

55
Q

define steady state exercise

A

Occurs when ATP demands are equal to aerobic ATP production

56
Q

define VO2 max

A

the max amount of oxygen someone can consume in 1 minute

57
Q

When do we hit VO2 max

A
  • when increase in ATP demands do not meet increase in ATP production
  • max oxygen consumption AKA when it plateaus
58
Q

define lactate threshold

A

the exercise intensity when lactate begins to accumulate in the blood

59
Q

define oxygen deficit

A

how much less oxygen was actually consumed than if ATP demands were met with oxygen needs (occurs at beginning of exercise)

60
Q

define excusive post exercise oxygen consumption

A

how much more oxygen was consumed during recovery than theoretically required at rest

61
Q

When does blood lactate accumulate? What VO2 does it occur at?

A

most of the time at 50-55% aerobic capacity. any less, lactate production = lactate disappearance

62
Q

define blood lactate threshold

A

exercise intensity during which lactate production exceeds lactate consumption

63
Q

how does blood lactate threshold change with trained people

A

blood lactate threshold is higher with untrained than trained. trained perform at 80-90% max aerobic capacity

64
Q

what are some of the (specific) reasons why trained people can perform at higher percentages of their VO2 max

A
  • genetics
  • local training adaptations
  • rapid lactate removal
  • main thing is mitochondira
65
Q

What is represented by a plateau in oxygen uptake

A

VO2 max

66
Q

what is VO2 max indicative of, ability wise

A

indicates ability to maintain intense exercise for longer than 4-5 minutes

67
Q

what does the oxygen deficit represent

A

immediate anaerobic energy transfer until steady rate meets demands

68
Q

what is a smaller O2 deficit in athletes explainable by?

A

rapid increase in bioenergetics
increase in blood flow
large blood flow to active muscle (due to cellular adaptations)

69
Q

Why do marathon athletes have a higher EPOC

A

because they push themselves so much harder, and end up with a much heavier energy expenditure

70
Q

What is the shape of the recovery VO2 curve

A

logarithmic. decreases by about 50% for each 30 seconds

71
Q

What is the formula for EPOC

A

recovery VO2 - total VO2 at rest

72
Q

What does the EPOC do in both short and long term

A

restores the body to its initial conditions!
short term = replenishes phosphates
long term = lactate resynthesized to glycogen

73
Q

lactate shuttle?

A
74
Q

with inadequate oxygen, what happens to the hydrogen ions

A

they fail to oxidize, causing pyruvate to convert to lactate

75
Q

if lactate threshold is not hit yet, but there are increases in intensity/oxygen uptake, what happens to blood lacate

A

the levels remain stable

76
Q

Need to understand NADH and FADH H relationships

A
77
Q

what occurs to hydrogen when glycolytic processes predominate?

A

the body undergoes a shortage of oxygen, and is unable to shuttle hydrogen out. it then attaches to pyruvate to create lactate

78
Q

what organ converts lactate to glucose

A

liver

79
Q

What term describes the flattenning of oxygen uptake

A

steady state

80
Q

What are the units of heat production

A

work, or joules (J)

81
Q

what is a calorie?

A
  • food calorie = Kcal
  • 1kcal = 4.184 kJ
  • defined as the energy required to raise 1g of water 1 degree
82
Q

what is the difference between direct and indirect calorimetry

A

direct: measures heat controlled environment, very complicated
indirect: measures oxygen consumption, either closed or open

83
Q

what is the difference between closed circuit and open circuit spirometry

A

closed = breathing and exhaling through tube
open = exhaling through tube

84
Q

what is the division of TDEE

A

10% = food
15-30% = thermic effect of PA
60-75% = resting metabolic rate

85
Q

how can we estimate resting daily energy expenditure

A

RDEE (kcal/day)= 370 + FFM (kg)

86
Q

What happens to TDEE overtime, with age?

A

it decreases with age, peaks at 5 years old

87
Q

what factors affect TDEE

A
  • physical activity
  • diet and thermogenesis
  • calorigenic effect of food on metabolism
  • climate
  • pregnancy
88
Q

how does climate affect TDEE

A

tropical climates result in 5-20% higher TDEE, causes about 5% higher O2 consumtpion

89
Q

For each 1lb gain in fat free mass, what happens to resting metabolic rate

A

it increases by 7-10kcal/day

90
Q

Absolute vs relative

A

absolute: situation is the same for all, advantage to bigger people
relative: scaled to body size, peak performance. advantage to smaller people

91
Q

In what scenarios is a high body mass not as important?

A

in weight supported exercise. the influence of body mass on energy cost decreases considerably

92
Q

how can we reduce the energy cost differences between individuals regardless of race, sex, age, size

A

by expressing energy cost per kg

93
Q

What is 1 MET

A

MET: metabolic equivalent
- it is a multiple of RMR
- 1 MET = 250ml/min for men, 200mL/min for women = 3.5ml/kg/min
- exercise at 2 METS requires twice the resting metabolism

94
Q
A

Kin 235 (8 decks)

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