module 1 Flashcards
define exercise
exercise: a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured and repetitive (aims to improve fitness)
define physiology
physiology: the study of the function of organisms and its systems
What does exercise physiology examine concerning the body
- how to the body responds to acute stress
- how the body adapts to chronic stress
define energy
energy: the capacity to do work
define bioenergetics
bioenergetics: the flow and exchange of energy within a living system
What are the equations for work and power
work = force x distance
power = work/ time
what are the laws of thermodynamics
- energy cannot be created or destroyed
- energy conversion is not perfect, heat loss
what are the forms of biological work
- chemical: biosynthesis
- mechanical: muscle contraction
- transport: transfer of substances
what are some examples of biosynthesis
protein synthesis, glycogen synthesis and ATP synthesis
what is the difference between exergonic and endergonic processes?
exergonic: catabolic processes that release energy
endergonic: anabolic processes that synthesize molecules from energy
The transfer of energy always precedes in a direction that ______ capacity to perform work
decreases.
energy conversion is not perfect, and potential energy degrades to kinetic energy with less capacity
what factors affect the rate of bioenergetics?
- enzymes
- coenzymes
define enzyme
enzyme: a protein catalyst that accelerates chemical reactions without being consumed
define coenzyme
coenzyme: a nonprotein organic substance that facilitates enzyme action (binds substrates to enzyme)
what is the lock and key mechanism?
it is the enzyme-substrate interaction. the substrate will be a perfect fit for the active site of an enzyme. Otherwise it will not perform its function
what are the main methods of enzyme regulation?
- equilibrium
- competitive binding
- allosteric
- covalent
what is an oxidation reaction
oxidation involves electron loss. it is a reaction that transfers oxygens or electrons
what is a reduction reaction
reduction always involves electron gain.
define reducing agent
any substance that donates or loses electrons as it oxidizes
define oxidizing agent
any substance being reduced or gaining electrons
dr mithcell (90kg) climbs 800 m up the grouse grind (30% grade) in 60 minutes. a week later he does the same climb in 50 minutes. Calculate work, mechanical energy transfer rating for each climb, which would cause more sweat, and enzyme, co-enzyme, oxid agent and reduc agent
work = 90kg x 800m = 72000
Power = 72000/60=1200W
vs
power = 72000/50=1440W
more sweat during second climb
enzyme = phosphofructokinase
coenzyme = NAD
oxidizing agent = NAD
reducing agent = NADH
what is covalent regulation
A form of enzyme regulation that uses covalent bonds to regulate enzyme activity. Switches between inactive and active form
AKA phosphorylation
what is equilibrium regulation?
the ratio between substrate and product will affect the enzyme working rate
What is competitive binding?
substrates bind and block enzyme active sites
What is allosteric regulation?
uses two coenzymes, where one opens up or closes an active site
Give examples of endergonic or exergonic processes
exergonic: downhill process, union of H and O for water
endergonic: uphill process, splitting of water
give examples of oxidation or reduction processes
oxidation: NADH -> NAD
reduction: NAD-> NADH
does the body produce/consume/use up energy?
No! It transforms it from one form to another
in coupled reactions in biosynthesis, what happens to one part and not the other
increased entropy or decrease in entropy (energy change process with energy loss)
what kind of biological work is hypertrophy?
chemical work! fibres increase their protein components. hypertrophy is also an example of endergonic processes
what are the types of transport work?
passive diffusion (no energy)
active transport (requires energy)
what condition alters enzyme activity
pH and temperature (acidity and temp good)
what characteristic of an enzyme determines its interaction
its shape
what is hydrolysis
a process by which chemical bonds are broken using HOH
what are some common enzymes
lactase, maltase, sucrase
what is condensation
the opposite of hydrolysis, synthesizing molecule with H OH to form water
what is the ETC
the electron transport chain: represents the final common pathway in oxidative metabolism
What are the steps of the ETC
- NADH and FADH2 give up their electrons
- hydrogen is pumped across, electrons stay inside and move on to different protein
- H concentration is super high
- oxygen and hydrogen combine with electrons to form water
- Protons are used to form ATP from ADP
