module 1

Question 1

define exercise

Answer 1

exercise: a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured and repetitive (aims to improve fitness)

Question 2

define physiology

Answer 2

physiology: the study of the function of organisms and its systems

Question 3

What does exercise physiology examine concerning the body

Answer 3

1. how to the body responds to acute stress
2. how the body adapts to chronic stress

Question 4

define energy

Answer 4

energy: the capacity to do work

Question 5

define bioenergetics

Answer 5

bioenergetics: the flow and exchange of energy within a living system

Question 6

What are the equations for work and power

Answer 6

work = force x distance
power = work/ time

Question 7

what are the laws of thermodynamics

Answer 7

1. energy cannot be created or destroyed
2. energy conversion is not perfect, heat loss

Question 8

what are the forms of biological work

Answer 8

1. chemical: biosynthesis
2. mechanical: muscle contraction
3. transport: transfer of substances

Question 9

what are some examples of biosynthesis

Answer 9

protein synthesis, glycogen synthesis and ATP synthesis

Question 10

what is the difference between exergonic and endergonic processes?

Answer 10

exergonic: catabolic processes that release energy
endergonic: anabolic processes that synthesize molecules from energy

Question 11

The transfer of energy always precedes in a direction that ______ capacity to perform work

Answer 11

decreases.
energy conversion is not perfect, and potential energy degrades to kinetic energy with less capacity

Question 12

what factors affect the rate of bioenergetics?

Answer 12

1. enzymes
2. coenzymes

Question 13

define enzyme

Answer 13

enzyme: a protein catalyst that accelerates chemical reactions without being consumed

Question 14

define coenzyme

Answer 14

coenzyme: a nonprotein organic substance that facilitates enzyme action (binds substrates to enzyme)

Question 15

what is the lock and key mechanism?

Answer 15

it is the enzyme-substrate interaction. the substrate will be a perfect fit for the active site of an enzyme. Otherwise it will not perform its function

Question 16

what are the main methods of enzyme regulation?

Answer 16

1. equilibrium
2. competitive binding
3. allosteric
4. covalent

Question 17

what is an oxidation reaction

Answer 17

oxidation involves electron loss. it is a reaction that transfers oxygens or electrons

Question 18

what is a reduction reaction

Answer 18

reduction always involves electron gain.

Question 19

define reducing agent

Answer 19

any substance that donates or loses electrons as it oxidizes

Question 20

define oxidizing agent

Answer 20

any substance being reduced or gaining electrons

Question 21

dr mithcell (90kg) climbs 800 m up the grouse grind (30% grade) in 60 minutes. a week later he does the same climb in 50 minutes. Calculate work, mechanical energy transfer rating for each climb, which would cause more sweat, and enzyme, co-enzyme, oxid agent and reduc agent

Answer 21

work = 90kg x 800m = 72000
Power = 72000/60=1200W
vs
power = 72000/50=1440W
more sweat during second climb
enzyme = phosphofructokinase
coenzyme = NAD
oxidizing agent = NAD
reducing agent = NADH

Question 22

what is covalent regulation

Answer 22

A form of enzyme regulation that uses covalent bonds to regulate enzyme activity. Switches between inactive and active form
AKA phosphorylation

Question 23

what is equilibrium regulation?

Answer 23

the ratio between substrate and product will affect the enzyme working rate

Question 24

What is competitive binding?

Answer 24

substrates bind and block enzyme active sites

Question 25

What is allosteric regulation?

Answer 25

uses two coenzymes, where one opens up or closes an active site

Question 26

Give examples of endergonic or exergonic processes

Answer 26

exergonic: downhill process, union of H and O for water
endergonic: uphill process, splitting of water

Question 27

give examples of oxidation or reduction processes

Answer 27

oxidation: NADH -> NAD
reduction: NAD-> NADH

Question 28

does the body produce/consume/use up energy?

Answer 28

No! It transforms it from one form to another

Question 29

in coupled reactions in biosynthesis, what happens to one part and not the other

Answer 29

increased entropy or decrease in entropy (energy change process with energy loss)

Question 30

what kind of biological work is hypertrophy?

Answer 30

chemical work! fibres increase their protein components. hypertrophy is also an example of endergonic processes

Question 31

what are the types of transport work?

Answer 31

passive diffusion (no energy)
active transport (requires energy)

Question 32

what condition alters enzyme activity

Answer 32

pH and temperature (acidity and temp good)

Question 33

what characteristic of an enzyme determines its interaction

Answer 33

its shape

Question 34

what is hydrolysis

Answer 34

a process by which chemical bonds are broken using HOH

Question 35

what are some common enzymes

Answer 35

lactase, maltase, sucrase

Question 36

what is condensation

Answer 36

the opposite of hydrolysis, synthesizing molecule with H OH to form water

Question 37

what is the ETC

Answer 37

the electron transport chain: represents the final common pathway in oxidative metabolism

Question 38

What are the steps of the ETC

Answer 38

1. NADH and FADH2 give up their electrons
2. hydrogen is pumped across, electrons stay inside and move on to different protein
3. H concentration is super high
4. oxygen and hydrogen combine with electrons to form water
5. Protons are used to form ATP from ADP