module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define exercise

A

exercise: a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured and repetitive (aims to improve fitness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define physiology

A

physiology: the study of the function of organisms and its systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does exercise physiology examine concerning the body

A
  1. how to the body responds to acute stress
  2. how the body adapts to chronic stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define energy

A

energy: the capacity to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define bioenergetics

A

bioenergetics: the flow and exchange of energy within a living system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the equations for work and power

A

work = force x distance
power = work/ time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the laws of thermodynamics

A
  1. energy cannot be created or destroyed
  2. energy conversion is not perfect, heat loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the forms of biological work

A
  1. chemical: biosynthesis
  2. mechanical: muscle contraction
  3. transport: transfer of substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are some examples of biosynthesis

A

protein synthesis, glycogen synthesis and ATP synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the difference between exergonic and endergonic processes?

A

exergonic: catabolic processes that release energy
endergonic: anabolic processes that synthesize molecules from energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The transfer of energy always precedes in a direction that ______ capacity to perform work

A

decreases.
energy conversion is not perfect, and potential energy degrades to kinetic energy with less capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what factors affect the rate of bioenergetics?

A
  1. enzymes
  2. coenzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define enzyme

A

enzyme: a protein catalyst that accelerates chemical reactions without being consumed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

define coenzyme

A

coenzyme: a nonprotein organic substance that facilitates enzyme action (binds substrates to enzyme)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the lock and key mechanism?

A

it is the enzyme-substrate interaction. the substrate will be a perfect fit for the active site of an enzyme. Otherwise it will not perform its function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the main methods of enzyme regulation?

A
  1. equilibrium
  2. competitive binding
  3. allosteric
  4. covalent
17
Q

what is an oxidation reaction

A

oxidation involves electron loss. it is a reaction that transfers oxygens or electrons

18
Q

what is a reduction reaction

A

reduction always involves electron gain.

19
Q

define reducing agent

A

any substance that donates or loses electrons as it oxidizes

20
Q

define oxidizing agent

A

any substance being reduced or gaining electrons

21
Q

dr mithcell (90kg) climbs 800 m up the grouse grind (30% grade) in 60 minutes. a week later he does the same climb in 50 minutes. Calculate work, mechanical energy transfer rating for each climb, which would cause more sweat, and enzyme, co-enzyme, oxid agent and reduc agent

A

work = 90kg x 800m = 72000
Power = 72000/60=1200W
vs
power = 72000/50=1440W
more sweat during second climb
enzyme = phosphofructokinase
coenzyme = NAD
oxidizing agent = NAD
reducing agent = NADH

22
Q

what is covalent regulation

A

A form of enzyme regulation that uses covalent bonds to regulate enzyme activity. Switches between inactive and active form
AKA phosphorylation

23
Q

what is equilibrium regulation?

A

the ratio between substrate and product will affect the enzyme working rate

24
Q

What is competitive binding?

A

substrates bind and block enzyme active sites

25
What is allosteric regulation?
uses two coenzymes, where one opens up or closes an active site
26
Give examples of endergonic or exergonic processes
exergonic: downhill process, union of H and O for water endergonic: uphill process, splitting of water
27
give examples of oxidation or reduction processes
oxidation: NADH -> NAD reduction: NAD-> NADH
28
does the body produce/consume/use up energy?
No! It transforms it from one form to another
29
in coupled reactions in biosynthesis, what happens to one part and not the other
increased entropy or decrease in entropy (energy change process with energy loss)
30
what kind of biological work is hypertrophy?
chemical work! fibres increase their protein components. hypertrophy is also an example of endergonic processes
31
what are the types of transport work?
passive diffusion (no energy) active transport (requires energy)
32
what condition alters enzyme activity
pH and temperature (acidity and temp good)
33
what characteristic of an enzyme determines its interaction
its shape
34
what is hydrolysis
a process by which chemical bonds are broken using HOH
35
what are some common enzymes
lactase, maltase, sucrase
36
what is condensation
the opposite of hydrolysis, synthesizing molecule with H OH to form water
37
what is the ETC
the electron transport chain: represents the final common pathway in oxidative metabolism
38
What are the steps of the ETC
1. NADH and FADH2 give up their electrons 2. hydrogen is pumped across, electrons stay inside and move on to different protein 3. H concentration is super high 4. oxygen and hydrogen combine with electrons to form water 5. Protons are used to form ATP from ADP
39