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PHGY > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

CAN FREELY move through membrane

A

-Hydrophobic molecules
-Small neutral molecules

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2
Q

CANNOT FREELY move through membrane

A

-Proteins & Ions
-Polar organic molecules

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3
Q

4 parts of phospholipid

A

Head group
Phosphate Group
Glycerol
Fatty Acid Tails

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4
Q

Phospholipid: head group

A

Chemical properties determine where phospholipid ends up

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5
Q

Phospholipid: phosphate group- Hydrophilic OR Hydrophobic

A

Hydrophilic, Charged

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6
Q

Phospholipid: Glycerol

A

3 C chain with 3 OH groups
Acts as BACKBONE

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7
Q

Phospholipid: Fatty Acid Tail

A

2 long hydrocarbon chains- vary in composition and bond #/rigidity

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8
Q

POLAR phospholipid HEAD groups

A

PI
PG
CL

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9
Q

CHARGED phospholipid HEAD groups

A

PS
PE
PC

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10
Q

T or F. Phospholipids form POLYMERS

A

False

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11
Q

4 lipid types in plasma membrane

A

Phospholipid
Cholesterol
Glycolipid
Sphingomyelin

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12
Q

Where is Cholesterol found? What group does it have?

A

Found in ANIMAL tissue
Hydroxyl group <– interact with membrane surface
Rest of cholesterol <– interact with lipid part of membrane

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13
Q

Where are Glycolipids found? What group does it have?

A

Found in membranes
Has sugar carbohydrate group

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14
Q

Glycolipids purpose

A

Cell-to-cell signalling

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15
Q

Sphingomyelin structure

A

similar to phospholipid but has SPHINGOSINE* instead of glycerol

*found around axons of nerve cells

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16
Q

Phosphlipids form 4 types of phospholipid clusters

A

Micelles
Liposomes
Monolayers
Bilayers

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17
Q

Signalling Molecules

A

Include proteins involved in cell communication

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18
Q

Integrins

A

Membrane-bound proteins that facilitate cell adhesion and cytoskeleton movement

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19
Q

Receptors

A

Faciliate endo/exocytosis on surfacce of cell for signalling

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20
Q

Anchors & Junctions

A

Help cells move and attach to other cells and the extracellular matrix.

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21
Q

5 types of membrane proteins

A
  1. Signal molecules
  2. Integrins
  3. Receptors
  4. Channels & Transporers
  5. Anchors & Junctions
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22
Q

3 types of transport that regulate phospholipid composition/asymmetry

A
  1. Floppies
  2. Flippase
  3. Scramblase
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23
Q

Water goes from inside the cell to outside

A

Hypertonic

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24
Q

Water goes from outside the cell to inside

A

Hypotonic

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25
Q

Flexibility goes UP when temp goes

A

UP (because motion goes up)

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26
Q

Flexibility goes up when lipid chains are

A

SHORTER (more motion)

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27
Q

Flexibility goes up if cholesterol concentration goes

A

DOWN (becomes less rigid)

28
Q

Flexibility goes up if protein content is ____ rich

A

LESS (more movement)

29
Q

Floppases

A

FLOP OUT
keep PC, cholesterol and sphingomyelin in exoplasmic leaf

30
Q

Flippase

A

FLIP IN
Keep PS, PE, PI abd cytosolic leaflet

31
Q

Scramblases

A

SCRAMBLES ASYMMETRY
Briefly disrupts membrane asymmetry by RANDOMIZING phospholipids

32
Q

Def: Channel protein that has a hydroPHILIC interior to allow water to move through plasma membrane

A

AQUAPORINS

33
Q

3 types of passive transport

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis

34
Q

2 types of facilaited diffusion

A

Channel (charged)
Carrier (non-charged binds and changes shape)

35
Q

What is active transport

A

molecules move AGAINST CONC gradient

36
Q

Direct Active Transport

A

Na+/K+ Antiporter pump uses ATP DIRECTLY to make gradient

37
Q

Indirect Active Transport

A

Na+/glucose sympoter
Na+ used to create glucose gradient INSTEAD OF ATP

38
Q

Active transport: symporters

A

molecules move in SAME direction

39
Q

Active Transport: Antiporter

A

molecules move in OPPOSITE direction

40
Q

Cellular Metabolism

A

Sum of all diff reactions taking place in cell

41
Q

CATAbolism

A

BREAKDOWN of macromolecules
RELEASE atp energy

42
Q

Hydrolysis

A

React with water to remove compound

43
Q

ANAbolism

A

PRODUCTIon of macromolecules
CONSUME atp from catabolism

44
Q

How is ENERGY stored

other than ATP

A

carbohydrates
fats
protein

45
Q

What are carbohydrates mainly STORED as

A

glycogen in muscle/liver

46
Q

What are fats mainly STORED as

A

Triacylglcerols –> broken down to release FA’s –> for energy production

47
Q

What are proteins mainly STORED as

A

Skeletal muscle –> used when fasting (break down muscle)

48
Q

What is catabolism? examples?

A

RELEASE energy (breakdown)
Ex. ATP, A.A

49
Q

What is Anabolism

A

Requires energy (production)
Ex. proteins, complex sugars

50
Q

Where can GTP be found

A

Translation (elongation step)

51
Q

What is ATP made up of

A

Adenine molecule, ribose sugar, 3 phosphates

52
Q

What is NAD+

A

Converted to higher energy form by adding H+ and 2e- –> NADH

53
Q

What is FAD

A

Converted to higher energy form by adding 2H+ and 2e–> FADH2

54
Q

What energy process happens in the cristae (inner mitochondrial membrane)

A

Enzymes convert high-energy compounds into ATP

55
Q

4 stages of aerobic respiration in the MITROCONDRIA

A
  1. pyruvate oxidation
    2.krebs cycle
    3.electron transport and proton pumping
  2. chemiosmotic gradient
    5.ATP synthesis
56
Q

Other than glucose what can metabolize to produce ATP

A

Fats & proteins

57
Q

Where does Fat metabolism occur

A

mitochondria

58
Q

What energy source does the BRAIN use

A

Glucose, Ketones

59
Q

What energy source does the HEART use

A

FA’s, Ketones *must be aerobic

60
Q

What energy source does the SKELETAL MUSCLE use

A

Glucose, FA’s, Ketones

61
Q

Protein metabolism

A

Deamination: Nitrogen (amino group) of A.A is removed (not required for ATP generation)

62
Q

Muscle Cell Energy NEEDS

A

LOW: FATS
MEDIUM: CARBS/GLYCOGEN
HIGH:
-MUSCLE GLYCOGEN (anaerobic-> lactate)
-CREATINE PHOSPHATE
-Proteins (last resort)

63
Q

What enzyme is used when there is excess ATP

A

Creatine Kinase

64
Q

OG fluid mosaic model

A

Assumed to be homogenous and of even thickness

65
Q

Revised fluid mosaic model

A

Membrane constituents (phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins)
Hydrophilic groups interact with hydrophobic portions of membrane proteins (membrane proteins, phospholipids, membrane constituents make up lipid raft)

66
Q

What generates more ATP: NADH OR FADH2

A

NADH because it enters the ETC first

PHGY (2 decks)

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