Module 1 Flashcards
What are the components of a phospholipid
-Head
-Phosphate group
-Glycerol
-FA tail
Primary structure
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
more than 1 polypeptide chain
individual polypeptides called subunits of protein
What regulates membrane fluidity
-temperature
-lipid content >16 carbons long
-cholesterol
-protein content
Endosomes
Endocytosis – hold content coming into the cell from extracellular space
Sort and send content to correct locations for cell function.
Mature into lysosome
Lysosomes
Primarily responsible for waste disposal.
Contain hydrolytic enzymes.
Break down macromolecules such as proteins, DNA, lipids, and sugars into their molecular building blocks.
Peroxisomes
Break down molecules that produce hydrogen peroxide as a side product.
The removal of hydrogen peroxide is essential as it prevents cell damage and death as it is toxic to DNA
Nucleus
Attached to the ER cisternae (an interconnected flattened tubule that composes the ER and Golgi apparatus) near the nuclear envelope’s outer layer.
The main function is to protect the cell’s DNA and allow it to be replicated and transcribed into mRNA when required.
DNA is also kept organised since it’s fragile.
The nuclear pores attach the nuclear envelope with the ER membrane, allowing molecules to pass through the structure, and separating DNA from other compartments.
Contains the Nucleolus, which produces rRNA— essential for ribosomal activity during translation
Rough ER
The site of protein translation and modifications, for which ribosomes are responsible.
Contains ribosomes, giving it a rough appearance.
Synthesises phospholipids
Transport vesicles
Transports materials out of the cell via exocytosis, or around the cell to other organelles.
Vesicles bud off from the lipid membrane. Transport proteins on microtubules attach to vesicles and move them around the cell. Once the vesicle arrives at its destination it fuses with the lipid membrane releasing the cargo it was carrying
Golgi apparatus
Involved in protein modification and transport.
Labels proteins and molecules with unique signals to direct them towards where they need to go within the cell.
Interconnected with cisternae – receives proteins from ER, the medial which focuses on the addition of sugar groups, and the trans which works on final packaging
Plasma Membrane
The city limit and border police. It is a semi-permeable phospholipid
bilayer that keeps all of the cell’s organelles contained and regulates what can come in or leave the cell using specialized proteins.
Nucleus
-Protects DNA
via specials structures (double membrane, nuclear port, nucleoplasm)
-Nucleolus produces rRNA
Mitochondria
Produce energy for cell to use in the form of ATP
ER
Highway system. Carry molecules around the cell
-Makes lipids and proteins
-Stores ions
Golgi apparatus
post office
-protein modification and transport
proteins labelled with unique signals to direct them
Cytoskeleton (structural filaments)
- Actin
-Microtubules
-Intermediate filaments
Motor (force) proteins
-Myosin
-Kinesin
-Dynein
SER
processes lipids, metabolises carbohydrates, and stores calcium
RER
-protein translation via ribosomes
-synthesises phospholipids
transport vesicle
-transports cargo out or to other organelles via exocytosis
-bud off from lipid membrane and fuses with another lipid membrane once arriving at destination
Endosomes
Waste Collection
-Endocytosis
-Sort/send content to correct location
-Mature intro lysosome
Lysosomes
recycling plants
-break down proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
