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Lab Medicine > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

Reports

1
Q

Formation of Red Blood Cells (RBC)

A
  1. Hematopoietic Stem Cells
  2. Pronormoblast
  3. Basophilic Normoblast
  4. Polychromatophilic Normoblast
  5. Orthochromatic Normoblast
  6. Reticulocytes
  7. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
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2
Q

Visual assessment of red blood cell size and shape

A

Peripheral Blood Smear

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3
Q

Normal Red Blood Cell Morphology

A
  • Biconcave disk
  • Red in color
  • 7-8 micrometers diameter
  • No nucleus
  • Smooth and even
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4
Q

Investigates if bone marrow produces healthy red blood cells

A

Bone Marrow biopsy

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5
Q

A reduction in the proportion of red blood cells

A

Anemia

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6
Q

Three types of anemia based on size

A
  1. Microcytic Anemia (MCV<80)
  2. Normocytic Anemia (MCV=80-100)
  3. Macrocytic Anemia (MCV>100)
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7
Q

Two types of anemia based on cause of hemolysis

A
  1. Extravascular hemolysis - Premature RBC are destroyed or removed by liver or spleen
  2. Intravascular hemolysis - Lysis of RBC in circulation
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8
Q

Two classifications of hemolysis

A
  1. Acquired - Due to external factors
  2. Hereditary - Due to genetic conditions
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9
Q

Pathophysiology of Anemia

A
  1. Hemolytic anemia
  2. Blood loss (acute, short term, or chronic, long term)
  3. Defective erythropoiesis
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10
Q

Two types of Anemia diseases

A

Sickle cell anemia and Iron deficiency anemia

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11
Q

Hemoglobin structure

A
  • Contains 2 pairs of polypeptide chains called globins
  • Contains 4 prosthetic heme groups
  • Has 1 ferrous iron for each heme group
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12
Q

2 Forms of Heme in the Human Body

A

Heme Iron and Non-Heme Iron

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13
Q

Iron in ferrous state (Fe2+) that is used in hemoglobin and myoglobin, derived from meat diet

A

Heme Iron

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14
Q

Iron in ferric state (Fe3+) that is used as storage material, derived from vegetables

A

Non-Heme Iron

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15
Q

Causes of Iron Deficiency Anemia

A
  • Low iron intake
  • Low iron absorption
  • High iron demand
  • High iron loss
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16
Q

Lab Diagnosis for Iron Deficiency Anemia

A

Peripheral Blood Smear
Blood Test
Bone Marrow Biopsy

17
Q

Iron Metabolism

A
  • Ferrireductase reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+ which then binds to ferritin which temporarily stores iron
  • When iron is needed, hephaestin converts heme iron to non-heme iron which binds to transferrin
18
Q

A Genetic disorder that turns RBC into sickle-like shape making it easier for them to be destroyed (autosomal recessive)

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

19
Q

Causes of sickle cell anemia

A
  • Defective hemoglobin
  • Sickling
20
Q

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

A

Expansion of medullary cavities in the skull caused by bone marrow increasing production of reticulocytes because of anemia or production of RBC in the liver

21
Q

Effects of sickle cell anemia

A
  • Vaso-occlusion (clogging of the blood flow)
  • Dactylitis in bones of hands and feet of infants
  • Spleen sequestration
  • Stroke and moya moya disease
  • Acute chest syndrome
  • Necrosis
  • Painful and prolonged erection
22
Q

Lab Diagnosis for Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Peripheral Blood Smear
Blood Test

23
Q

Basophilic nuclear remnants inside red blood cells

A

Howell Jolly Body

24
Q

Also known as erythrocytosis, it is a blood disorder where there are too many blood cells, which makes blood thicker and harder to flow

A

Polycythemia

25
Q

Pathophysiological classifications of Polycythemia

A

Absolute polycythemia and relative polycythemia

26
Q

Total RBCs are normal but hematocrit increases due to a decrease in plasma volume.

Causes:
dehydration, vomiting, severe burns

A

Relative Polycythemia

27
Q

Also known as stress polycythemia, RBC is high end of normal and plasma volume is low end of normal

Cause:
stress

A

Spurious Polycythemia

28
Q

2 Types of Absolute Polycythemia

A

Primary and Secondary Polycythemia

29
Q

Caused by overproduction of RBC in the bone marrow

A

Primary Polycythemia

30
Q

Caused by mutation in the JAK2 gene

A

Polycythemia Vera

31
Q

Caused by increase in RBC production due to an appropriate rise in erythropoietin (EPO) levels

A

Secondary polycythemia

32
Q

Lab Diagnosis for Polycythemia

A

Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Peripheral Blood Smear
Erythropoietin (EPO) Test
JAK2 Mutation Analysis

33
Q

is classified as hypochromic microcytic anemia due to
lack of ferrous iron that forms the heme structure of hemoglobin.

A

Iron Deficiency Anemia

34
Q
A

Lab Medicine (5 decks)

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