Module 3 Flashcards
Reports
Formation of Red Blood Cells (RBC)
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells
- Pronormoblast
- Basophilic Normoblast
- Polychromatophilic Normoblast
- Orthochromatic Normoblast
- Reticulocytes
- Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
Visual assessment of red blood cell size and shape
Peripheral Blood Smear
Normal Red Blood Cell Morphology
- Biconcave disk
- Red in color
- 7-8 micrometers diameter
- No nucleus
- Smooth and even
Investigates if bone marrow produces healthy red blood cells
Bone Marrow biopsy
A reduction in the proportion of red blood cells
Anemia
Three types of anemia based on size
- Microcytic Anemia (MCV<80)
- Normocytic Anemia (MCV=80-100)
- Macrocytic Anemia (MCV>100)
Two types of anemia based on cause of hemolysis
- Extravascular hemolysis - Premature RBC are destroyed or removed by liver or spleen
- Intravascular hemolysis - Lysis of RBC in circulation
Two classifications of hemolysis
- Acquired - Due to external factors
- Hereditary - Due to genetic conditions
Pathophysiology of Anemia
- Hemolytic anemia
- Blood loss (acute, short term, or chronic, long term)
- Defective erythropoiesis
Two types of Anemia diseases
Sickle cell anemia and Iron deficiency anemia
Hemoglobin structure
- Contains 2 pairs of polypeptide chains called globins
- Contains 4 prosthetic heme groups
- Has 1 ferrous iron for each heme group
2 Forms of Heme in the Human Body
Heme Iron and Non-Heme Iron
Iron in ferrous state (Fe2+) that is used in hemoglobin and myoglobin, derived from meat diet
Heme Iron
Iron in ferric state (Fe3+) that is used as storage material, derived from vegetables
Non-Heme Iron
Causes of Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Low iron intake
- Low iron absorption
- High iron demand
- High iron loss
Lab Diagnosis for Iron Deficiency Anemia
Peripheral Blood Smear
Blood Test
Bone Marrow Biopsy
Iron Metabolism
- Ferrireductase reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+ which then binds to ferritin which temporarily stores iron
- When iron is needed, hephaestin converts heme iron to non-heme iron which binds to transferrin
A Genetic disorder that turns RBC into sickle-like shape making it easier for them to be destroyed (autosomal recessive)
Sickle Cell Anemia
Causes of sickle cell anemia
- Defective hemoglobin
- Sickling
Extramedullary hematopoiesis
Expansion of medullary cavities in the skull caused by bone marrow increasing production of reticulocytes because of anemia or production of RBC in the liver
Effects of sickle cell anemia
- Vaso-occlusion (clogging of the blood flow)
- Dactylitis in bones of hands and feet of infants
- Spleen sequestration
- Stroke and moya moya disease
- Acute chest syndrome
- Necrosis
- Painful and prolonged erection
Lab Diagnosis for Sickle Cell Anemia
Peripheral Blood Smear
Blood Test
Basophilic nuclear remnants inside red blood cells
Howell Jolly Body
Also known as erythrocytosis, it is a blood disorder where there are too many blood cells, which makes blood thicker and harder to flow
Polycythemia
Pathophysiological classifications of Polycythemia
Absolute polycythemia and relative polycythemia
Total RBCs are normal but hematocrit increases due to a decrease in plasma volume.
Causes:
dehydration, vomiting, severe burns
Relative Polycythemia
Also known as stress polycythemia, RBC is high end of normal and plasma volume is low end of normal
Cause:
stress
Spurious Polycythemia
2 Types of Absolute Polycythemia
Primary and Secondary Polycythemia
Caused by overproduction of RBC in the bone marrow
Primary Polycythemia
Caused by mutation in the JAK2 gene
Polycythemia Vera
Caused by increase in RBC production due to an appropriate rise in erythropoietin (EPO) levels
Secondary polycythemia
Lab Diagnosis for Polycythemia
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Peripheral Blood Smear
Erythropoietin (EPO) Test
JAK2 Mutation Analysis
is classified as hypochromic microcytic anemia due to
lack of ferrous iron that forms the heme structure of hemoglobin.
Iron Deficiency Anemia
