Module 2 Flashcards

Fundamentals in Laboratory Medicine

1
Q

Occur prior to specimen testing

A

Pre-analytical Variables

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2
Q
  • identification
  • age
  • sex
  • dietary intake
  • treatment
  • physiological changes
A

Patient

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3
Q
  • type of sample
  • type of tube additive
  • hemolysis
  • contamination
A

Sample Collection

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4
Q
  • storage
  • timing
  • transportation
  • preparation
  • centrifugation
  • stability
  • temperature
A

Processing

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5
Q

Diagnostic Process that could produce a lot of errors

A

Pre-analytical Phase

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6
Q

Color of Sodium citrate tube

A

Blue Cap

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7
Q

Color of Serum tubes

A

Red or Gold

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8
Q

Color of Heparin tube

A

Dark Green or Light Green

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9
Q

Color of EDTA tube

A

Lavender, Pearl, or Pink

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10
Q

Color of Sodium fluoride / Potassium Oxalate

A

Gray

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11
Q

Sample rejection criteria of the emergency laboratory

A
  • Improper test requests
  • Inappropriate transport
  • Specimens without barcode
  • Improper container
  • Misidentification
  • Insufficient specimen volume
  • Incorrect preservation
  • Lipemic specimen
  • Hemolyzed specimen
  • Clotted samples with fibrin
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12
Q

Diagnostic Process that occurs during actual testing of the specimen

A

Analytical Variables

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13
Q

Diagnostic Process that occurs after test result is generated

A

Post-analytical Variables

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14
Q

Post-Analytical Variables

A
  • Wrong entry of test results
  • Doctor/Ward Staff not informed about abnormal results in time
  • Report signed without confirming result
  • Delayed turnaround time
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15
Q

Patient Identification

A
  • The most serious error is failure to properly identify patient
  • Two patient identifiers must be present (Name and identification number such as birthday)
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16
Q

Using a needle to take blood from veins

A

Phlebotomy

17
Q

If anticoagulant additives are not mixed gently, if blood is drawn from a hematoma, frothing of the sample, venipuncture is incorrect

A

Hemolysis

18
Q

Can be caused by prolonged torniquet or long-term IV therapy

A

Hemoconcentration

19
Q

The time from receipt of the specimen in the laboratory to the time the result is reported

A

Turn Around Time

20
Q

Life or death information that must be directly reported to healthcare provider for immediate action

A

Critical Value

21
Q

Quick turnaround time generally an hour or less from specimen receipt until test result reporting

A

Stat Test

22
Q

Turnaround time without the immediate need for results

A

Routine Test

23
Q

Potential Sources For Interferences

A
  • Hemolysis
  • Turbidity
  • Lipemia
  • Paraproteinemia
  • Uremia
  • Icterus
  • Cross reactivity
24
Q

Testing occurs in close proximity to the patient

A

Bedside or point-of-care testing

25
Q

Most common Point of Care testing errors

A
  • Operational incompetence
  • Nonadherence to test procedures
  • Use of uncontrolled reagents and equipment
26
Q

Considered as normal range

A

Reference Range

27
Q

Considered as best possible optimal range

A

Desirable Range

28
Q

Range of drug concentration that achieves desired effects without causing toxicity

A

Therapeutic Range

29
Q

A set of values that includes upper and lower limits of a lab test based on a group of healthy people

A

Reference range

30
Q

Quantitative to determine positive and negative test results

A

Diagnostic Cut-off

31
Q

The probability that the test result correctly predicts the existence and absence of a particular condition

A

Accuracy

(true positives + true negatives) / total subjects evaluated

32
Q

The ability to detect if a disease is really present

A

Sensitivity
(true positives) / (true positives + false negatives)

33
Q

The ability to exclude persons who do not have the disease

A

Specificity
(true negatives) / (true negatives + false positives)

34
Q

The best screening test must have what?

A

High sensitivity and followed by confirmatory test with high specificity

35
Q

Tells you how often a positive test represents a true positive

A

Positive Predictive Value
(true positives) / (true positives + false positives)

36
Q

Tells you how often a negative test represents a true negative

A

Negative Predictive Value
(true negatives) / (true negatives + false negatives)

37
Q

A statistical measure of the dispersion of data points in a data series around the mean, indicates variability of test results

A

Coefficient of Variation (CV)

= standard deviation / sample mean