Module 3 Flashcards
Refers to an organized plan of health services
Health care system
It is the rendering of health care services to the people
Health care delivery
is any disease that passes between people or animals
Communicable Diseases
This refers to the network of health facilities and personnel which carries out the task of rendering health care to the people
Health care delivery system
a complex set of organizations interacting to provide an array of health services
Philippine health care system
also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behaviors factors
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)
What are examples of Noncommunicable Diseases
Diseases of the heart
Diseases of the vascular system Malignant neoplasms
Avitaminosis and other nutritional
deficiencies
Chronic lower respiratory disease
Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period
Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis
Diseases of the digestive system
What date did President Rodrigo Roa Duterte place the entire Philippines under a State of Calamity amid the the threats posed by COVID-19
March 16, 2020
What are examples of Communicable Diseases
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Diarrhea
Measles
Septicemia
serve as proxy measure for determining if the strategies and interventions implemented by the health sector and other stakeholders led to overall
improvements in health outcomes
Indicators
is the government’s crisis communications center. This initiative delivers real-time updates on disasters, calamities, and other emergencies in the country
Laging Handa PH
This act focused on Health service delivery, Health governance, and Health financing
R.A. 11469: Bayanihan
This is provided in the Philippines through a dual health delivery system composed of the public sector and the private sector
Health service delivery
The enactment of LGC in 1991 led to dual governance in health, with the DOH governing at the national level and the LGUs at the subnational level.
Health governance and regulation
The introduction of social health insurance administered by the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) since 1995 aimed to provide financial risk protection for the Filipino people
Health financing
Promoted participatory management of the local health care system
1979: Adoption of Primary Health Care
Integrated public health and hospital services
1982: Reorganization of DOH
Prescriptions are written using the generic name of
the drug
1988: RA 6675 “The Generics Act”
Transfer of responsibility of health service provisions to the local government units
1991: RA 7160 “Local Government Code”
Major organizational restructuring of the DOH to improve the way health care is delivered, regulated and financed.
1996: Health Sector Reform Agenda
Aims to provide all citizens a mechanism for financial protection with priority given to the poor.
1995: RA 7875 “National Health Insurance Act”
Adoption of operational framework to undertake reforms with speed, precision, and effective coordination.
2005: FOURmula One (F1) for Health
Promote and ensure access to affordable quality drugs and medicines for all.
2008: RA 9502 “Access to Cheaper and Quality
Medicines Act”
largely financed through a tax based budgeting system, where health services are delivered by
government facilities under the national and local governments
Public Sector
Universal health coverage and access to quality health care for all Filipinos.
2010: AO 2010 0036 “ Kalusugang Pangkalahatan
consisting of for profit and non profit health care providers, is largely market oriented, where health care is generally paid for through user fees at the point of service.
Private Sector
the principal health agency in the Philippines. It is responsible for ensuring access to basic public health services to all Filipinos through theprovision of quality health care and regulationof
providers of health goods and services
The Department of Health (DOH)
Current Health secretary, DOH
Teodoro J. Herbosa
To lead the country in the development of a productive, resilient, equitable and people
centered health system
Mission
Filipinos are among the healthiest people in Southeast Asia by 2022, and Asia by 2040
DOH vision by 2030
Transfer of responsibility of health service provisions to the local government units.
RA 7160 “Local Government Code”
refers to the delegation of planning and decision making to the lower branches of organization
Decentralization
the transfer of power and authority from the government to LGUs as the territorial and political subdivisions of the state and enable them to perform specific functions and responsibilities
Devolution
hospitals, primary health-care centers, isolation camps, burn patient units, feeding centers and others.
Health-care facilities
health services offered at this level are to individuals in air health and to patients with diseases in the early symptomatic stage
Primary Level of Health Care Facilities
the rearing or hygienic care of children. Specifically, it refers to the prenatal care of
unborn children through attention to the health of pregnant women
Periculture
for patients with symptomatic stages of disease, which require moderately specialized knowledge and technical resources
Secondary Level of Health Care Facilities
provide services for one particular illness or disease or health medical care need, with the highest medical care rendered by medical experts using highly specialized equipment for a specific medical problem
Specialized National Hospitals
clients afflicted with diseases which seriously threaten their health and which require highly technical and specialized knowledge, facilities and personnel to treat effectively
Tertiary Level of Health Care Facilities
four specialty hospitals identified by the DOH in
the country
- Lung Center of the Philippines
- National Kidney and Transplant Institute
- Philippine Children’s Medical Center
- Philippine Heart Center
used as a means to
facilitate flow of patient referrals among healthcare providers
Referral System
refers to the health care services available in the community, depending on the quality and affordability of its services.
Health care systems
includes education or recreational facilities and health related clinics which people can avail to maintain and sustain their health and wellness
Other health-related systems
pertains to the level of knowledge on how the people value their health
Ways of the people/cultural practices
the socio-economic-physical conditions o the community affect the general health status of the people living in that community
Environment
What are the two linkages under multi-sectoral approach
Intersectoral and Intrasectorial
population growth, fertility, age structure of the population and population distribution
Population
The development of the NHP has been guided by the following principles:
- Health is a basic human right.
- Health is both a means and an end of
development.
a long term directional plan/ blueprint for
health covering the period 1995 to 2020.
National Health Plan (NHP)
covers services or institutions from public or private or NGO sector, directly concerned with health protection and promotion
Health-sector
covers the socioeconomic factors affecting and are affected by health such as urbanization,
industrialization, communication and
transportation, environment and natural resources, education, and science and technology.
Health-related Sectors
ensuring that all people have access to needed health services (including prevention, promotion,
treatment, rehabilitation and palliation) of sufficient quality to be effective while also ensuring that the use of these services does not
expose the user the financial hardship.
Universal Health Coverage
focused on key reform areas: health financing, health regulation, public health programs, public hospitals, local health systems
1999-2004: Health Sector Reform Agenda “Kalusugan
para sa Masa”
What year was the HSRA institutionalized as the framework for all health policies and investments steering the future course of the DOH, other government agencies, stakeholders, and international partners.
2000
automatically enrolls all Filipino citizens in the National Health Insurance
Program and prescribes complementary reforms in the health system.
R.A. 11223: Universal Health Care Act
streamlined the HSRA areas into: health financing, health regulation, health service delivery and good governance in health
2005-2010: FOURmula One for Health
focused on: health financing, policy, standards and regulation, service delivery, governance for health, human resources for health, health information
2011-2016: Universal Health Care “Kalusugan Pangkalahatan”
F1 Plus for Health reform reverted to the original
four pillars of F1 and added performance accountability as a cross cutting pillar for better
execution of policies and programs
FOURmula One Plus for Health “Boosting Universal
Health Care”
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity, is a fundamental
human right
Health
a major milestone of the twentieth century in the field of public health, and it identified primary
health care as the key to the attainment of the goal of Health for All
Alma Ata Declaration
What year was the Alma Ata Declaration
1978
What date was the International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma Ata, USSR
6-12 September 1978
essential care based on scientifically
sound and socially acceptable methods and technology
made universally accessible to individuals, families, and communities through their full participation, at a cost they can afford at any given stage of development, and with the goal of self reliance and self determination
Universal definition of Primary Health Care
→ deals with social policy which targets health equity
→ usually the first point of contact people have with
the health care system
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
defines it as an important health care derived from scientifically sound and socially
acceptable methods. It must be universally accessible to all
individuals and is based on what the community and country can provide.
The Alma-Ata Declaration definition of Primary Health Care
PCH addresses the majority of a person’s health
needs throughout their lifetime. This includes physical, mental and social well-being and it is people-centered rather
than disease-centered. PHC is a whole-of-society approach that includes health promotion, disease prevention,
treatment, rehabilitation and palliative care.
WHO definition of Primary Health Care
→ Ultimate goal of PHC
→the ability to stand on their own; self - sufficiency
Self-Reliance
is a quest or an improved quality of
life for all. is multi-dimensional. It
has political, economic, social, cultural,
institutional and environmental. Therefore, it is measured by the ability of people to satisfy their
basic needs.
Development
What are the E.L.E.M.E.N.T.S of Primary Health Care
Education for Health, Locally endemic disease prevention and control, Expanded Program on Immunization, Maternal and child health including family planning, Essential drugs arrangement, Nutrition, Treatment of communicable and noncommunicable disease and promotion of mental health, Safe water and sanitation
Essential health services must be …
accessible, available, acceptable, and affordable
Disease exist permanently in a particular
region/population
Endemic
Outbreak of disease that attacks many people at about the same time and may spread through one or several communities
Epidemic
was established in 1976 to ensure that
infants/children and mothers have access to routinely recommended infant/childhood
vaccines
The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI)
When an epidemic spreads throughout the world
Pandemic
What presidential decree undertakes the promotion and preservation of the
health of the people and raise the health
standards of individuals and communities
throughout the Philippines
Presidential Decree No. 856/Code on Sanitation of
the Philippines
What year was the The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) established?
1976
→ Set a direction and determine what needs to be
accomplished
→ Setting priorities and determining performance
targets
Planning
→ Designing the organization or the specific division, unit, or service
→ Determining positions, teamwork assignments, and
distribution of authority and responsibility.
Organizing
→ Acquiring and retaining human resources
→ Developing and maintaining the workforce through
various strategies and tactics.
Staffing
→ Monitoring staff activities and performance and taking the appropriate actions for corrective action to increase performance
Controlling
→ Its focus is to initiate action in the organization through effective leadership and motivation of, and communication with, subordinates
Directing
→ Initial links of the community to health care
→ They provide preventive health care measurements and simple curatives to promote a healthy
environment
Village/Grassroot Health Workers
→ First source of professional health care
→ They attend to health problems which are already beyond the competence of the village workers.
Intermediate Level Health Workers
→ Serve as the backup health service providers when hospitalization is required
→ The intermediate level health workers or village health workers are in close contact with them
First-Line Hospital Personnel
Uses: Anti-fungal: Tinea flava, ringworm, athletes foot, and
scabies
Preparation: Fresh, matured leaves are pounded. Apply
Akapulko (Cassia alata/Herpetica alata)
Uses: Diabetes Mellitus (Mild Type 2)
Preparation: Gather and wash young leaves very well. Chop. Boil 6 tablespoons in 2 glassfuls of water for 15 minutes under slow fire. Do not cover pot. Cool and
strain. Take ⅓ cup, 3x a day after meals
Ampalaya (Momordica charantia)
Uses: To lower choloesterol levels in blood; for hypertension;
toothache
Preparation: May be fried, roasted, soaked in vinegar for 30 minutes, or blanched in boiled water for 5 minutes. Take 2 pieces, 3x a day after meals. For toothache: Pound a small piece and
apply to affected part
Bawang (Allium sativum
Uses:1. For washing wounds - may be used twice
a day.
2. For diarrhea - may be taken 3-4 times a
day.
3. As gargle and to relieve toothache. Warm decoction
is used or gargle. Freshly pounded leaves are used for
toothache.
Instructions: Guava leaves are to be washed well
and chopped. Boil for 15 minutes at low
fire. Do not cover pot. Cool and strain
before use.
Bayabas/Guavas (Psidium guajava L.)
a shrub growing in vacant lots and waste land. Matured branches are planted. The flowers are blue and bell-shaped. The small fruits turn black
when ripe. It is better to collect the leaves when flowers are in bloom.
Uses:
1. Asthma, cough and fever - boil raw fruits or
leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes until the
water left is only 1 glass (decoction). Strain.
2. Dysentery, cold and pain in any part of the body
as in influenza - boil a handful of leaves and lowers
in water to produce a glassful of decoction. Adults
and children may drink a glassful of decoction 3x a
day.
3. Skin disease (dermatitis, scabies, ulcer, eczema)
and wounds - prepare a decoction of leaves. Wash
and clean the skin/wound with the decoction.
4. Headache - crushed leaves may be applied on
the forehead.
5. Rheumatism, sprain, contusions, insect bites - pound the leaves and apply on affected part.
6. Aromatic bath for sick patients - prepareleaf
decoction and use for bathing sick and newlydelivered patients.
Lagundi (Vitex negundo/V. leucoxylon)
a vine, which bears tiny fruit that grows wild in backyards. The seeds must come from mature, dried, but newly opened fruits. Propagates through stem cuttings about 20 cm in height.
Uses: Anti-helmintic - used to expel round worms, which cause ascariasis. The seeds are taken 2 hours after supper. If no worms are expelled, the dose may be repeated after one week.
Niyug-Niyogan (Quisqualis indica)
a plant that reaches 1½ to 3 meters in height withrough hairy leaves. Young plants aroundmother
plant may be separated when they havethreeor
more leaves. Uses: Anti-edema, diuretic, anti-urolithiasis - boil choppedleaves in a glassful of water for 15 minutes until
one glassful remains. Cool and strain.
Sambong (Blumea balsamifera/Conyza balsamifera)
a shrub with small, shiny, nice-looking leaves that
grows in wild, uncultivated areas and forests. Mature stems are used for planting.
Uses:1. Diarrhea - boil following amount of chopped leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes until amount of
water goes down to 1 glass. Cool and strain.
2. Stomachache - wash leaves and chop. Boil chopped leaves in 1 glass of water for 15 minutes. Cool and filter/strain
Tsaang Gubat (Carmona retusa)
a weed with heart-shaped leaves and grows in shady parts of the garden and yard
Uses: Lower uric acid (rheumatism and gout)
Ulasimang Bato/Pansit-Pansitan (Peperomia pellucida)
a small multi-branching aromatic herb. The leaves are small, elliptical and with toothed margin. The stem creeps to the ground and develops roots. May also be propagated through cuttings
Yerba Buena (Mentha cordifolia)
was an early proponent of the use of the processconcept in healthcare. He identified the
importance of looking at the organizational
structure and the processes involved in producing outcomes for the patients.
Donabedian
is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life , and promoting physical health
and efficiency through organized community
efforts.
Public Health
→ The basic unit of society
→ A primary entity of health care or institution
responsible for the physical, emotional and social
support of its members.
→ Its foundation is marriage (the group which ensures
continuity through its reproductive function and
socialization).
Family
→ the family into which you are born, and where one
is reared and socialized
Family of orientation
→ created when you marry or form a significant and
lasting bond with another adult
Family of procreation
is an expected set of behaviors associated with a particular family position that can be formal or
informal.
Family role
→ recognized by expectations associated with
roles
Formal roles
→ those that are casually acquired within the family
Informal roles
→ being the head in authority, his wisdom is well
respected
→ He’s the breadwinner so the family depends on him for financial support
Tatay “Haligi ng tahanan”
→ consists of a husband and wife, and their
children (natural or adopted) who live in a common household.
→ referred to as “mag-anak”, the primary unit
and building block in Filipino Christian family structure
Nuclear/Conjugal Family
→ the keeper of the home and children → she serves as mother and teacher, managing the family resources with care
Nanay “Ilaw ng tahanan”
→ Children are expected to show respect to elders and care for their parents up to their old age and unto death.
Ate, Kuya, Bunso
to cease or stop crying.
→ Home: a place of love, comfort, and rest.
→ The Filipino family serves as a source of refuge
Tahanan
→when nuclear families are united through the extension of the husband wife bond as a result of plural marriages
Polygamous Family
→ a form of combining nuclear units into larger
units through the parent-child relationships.
→ composed of two or more residential units of
three or more generations.
Extended/Consanguineous Family
→ includes those individuals who choose to live
together
Cohabiting Families
→ Single parents may be never married, separated, divorced, or widowed.
Single-Parent Families
→ he or she is a part of a family of origin, usually has a social network with significant
others.
→ independent young adults who have entered
the work force
→ the elderly left alone through death of a spouse
Single persons not living with others
→ covers the start of marriage to the birth of the first
child, including establishment of a new household
and the beginning of a nuclear family
→ establishing a mutually satisfying marriage
→ relating harmoniously to kin → making decisions regarding parenthood
Beginning Family
→ begins with the birth of the first child and lasts until
the child is 30 months of age
→ integrate infants into a family unit
→ accommodate to new parenting and
grandparenting roles → renegotiating marital relationship
Childbearing Family
→ begins when the oldest child is 13 years of ageandends when the youngest child is 20 years of ageor leaves home. → balancing teenager’s freedomwith responsibilityasthy mature and emancipate fromthe family
→ parents refocus on midlife marital and career
issues
→ parents begin a shift toward concern or the older
generation
Family with teenagers
→ covers the years from the time the oldest child is
2½ years old until the youngest child is 5 years
old
→ adapting to critical needs and interests of pre- school children
→ meeting the needs of additional children while
continuing to meet those of the firstborn → coping with parental energy depletion and lack of
privacy
Family with pre-school children
→ the oldest child is 6 years of age until the child
turns 13 years of age.
→ constructively fitting into the community of families
with school-aged children
→ encouraging and supporting children’s educational
achievements
→ meeting the physical health needs of all family
members
→ maintaining a satisfying marital relationship
Family with school-age children
→ covers between the time the first child leaves home and the last child leaves home
→ releasing young adults into lives of their own with appropriate rituals and assistance
→ maintaining a supportive home base
→ building a new life together as a couple → assisting with aging or ill parents
Launching center Family
→ this stage refers to the years fromthe timethelast
child leaves home to the retirement or deathof
one of the spouses → reinvest in couple identity with concurrent
development of independent interest → maintaining ties with older and younger
generations
→ realigning relationships to include in-laws and grandchildren
→ deal with disabilities and death of older generation
Middle-aged Family
→ this stage lasts form the retirement of one or both members of the couple through the death of one of the spouses, ending with the death of the remaining spouse
→ shift from work to leisure and semi-retirement or full
retirement
→ maintaining couple and individual functioning while adapting to the aging process
→ prepare or own death and dealing with the loss of
spouse, and /or siblings, and other peers
Aging Family
→ displays pertinent family information in a familytreeformat that shows family members and their
relationships over at least three generations
Genogram
is a systematic collection of data to determine the
family’s status and to identify any actual or
potential health problems. It includes the analysis
of data to serve as a basis for planning and delivering heath care to the whole family.
Assessment
→ a visual diagram of the family unit in relation to
other units or subsystems in the community. The
ecomap presents the nature of relationship
among family member, and between families and
the community.
Ecomap
→ a family unit is considered by Smilkstein to be a
nurturing unit that demonstrates integrity in the
five components: Adaptability, Partnership, Growth, Affection and Resolve.
Family APGAR
→This involves the formulation of desired family outcomes and identification of actions to achieve goals
Planning
→ the purpose of this is to provide a basis for estimating the needs of a particular family.
Family Coping Index
→ is a systematic approach to actions used in partnership with the family to achieve desired family outcomes. Implementation of a plan can be accomplished easily I the family agreed on the plan out o support or each other.
Implementing
What are the three levels of family functioning
Cognitive Interventions, Affective interventions, and Behavioral Interventions
→ pertains to the act of knowing, perceiving, or
understanding
Cognitive interventions
→ related to feelings, attitudes and values
Affective interventions
→ refers to skills and behavior modification
Behavioral interventions
What are the three types of interventions
Supplemental intervention, Facultative intervention, and Behavioral/developmental intervention
→ doing things that the target client cannot do. This
may refer to giving therapeutic care to the sick or
organizing a health care program
Supplemental intervention
→ minimizing, if not removing the obstructions to
health care. For instance, if the family has inadequate information about a particular health
concern, the health care worker provides the needed information.
Facultative intervention
→ allows the nurse to motivate families to make responsible decisions for themselves
Behavioral/developmental intervention
→ has a profound effect on the quality of care in
family based nursing. → It is a mutual continuous process that incorporates
reassessment, and modification of the care plan
to determine whether goals and outcome criteria
were stated correctly to permit modification as
Evaluation
→ refers to settings in which care occurs. It includes materials, equipment, qualification of staff, and organizational structure.
Structure
Three approaches to evaluating the quality of health care
rendered:
Structure, Process, Outcome
→ Refers to whether the care that was given was competent or preferred. It consists of review of
records, focused on whether documentation was
included in the clinical records.
Process
→ Each family develops its own set of values, its own patterns of behavior, and its own style of life.
The family develops its own lifestyle
→ Each individual is functioning not only as a member of the group but also as a unique human being, with his own destiny to fulfill. By some means, each member must assert himself in a way that
allows him to
The family accommodates to the needs of the individual.
→ The family develops a characteristic stance with respect to the community
The family relates to the community.
→ In business of daily living, the family develops its own ways of operating. In dealing with common problems, one family may have developed a pattern of facing the problem as a group, deciding together what they will do
The family operates as a whole/group.
→ refers to the results of client care and restoration of
function and survival. It includes the sense of change in health status or changes in health related knowledge, attitude and behavior. This can be expressed in terms of mortality, morbidity, and disability for a given population, specifically in health promotion behaviors such as weight control, exercise, abstinence from alcohol and tobacco smoking.
Outcome
→ Although some sort of family is virtually a universal
phenomenon, the ways in which a family is organized and the societal tasks which are assigned to it will vary with time and place
The family is a product of time and place
