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CPH MOD 3-5 > Additional Notes for 1305 CPH > Flashcards

Additional Notes for 1305 CPH Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 Data Collection Methods

A

Survey Method, Observational study, Experiment, Use of existing studies, Registration method

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2
Q

Questions are asked to obtain information, either through self-administered questionnaire or personal interview

A

Survey method

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3
Q
  • limited to subject’s written answers to
    pre-arranged questions
  • Lower response rate
  • Administered to large number of people
  • Respondent feel freer to express views
  • Respondent feel less pressured to
    answer immediately
  • More appropriate for objective
    information
A

Self-administered questionnaire

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4
Q
  • Missing information and vague
    responses are minimized
  • High response rate
  • Administered one at a time
  • Respondent feel more cautious
  • Appropriate for emotionally laden
    topics or probing sentiments
A

Personal Interview

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5
Q
  • Attempts to understand cause-and-effect relationships
  • Possible to record behavior but only at the time of occurrence
A

Observational study

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6
Q
  • Do not rely on the respondents’
    willingness to provide information
  • Certain types of data can only be collected by observation (example:
    behavior pattern)
  • Potential bias caused by the
    interviewing process is reduced or eliminated
A

Advantages of OS vs Survey

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6
Q
  • Things such as awareness, beliefs,
    feelings and preferences cannot be
    observed
  • The observed behavior patterns can be
    rare or too unpredictable thus
    increasing the data collection costs and
    time requirements
A

Disadvantages of OS vs Survey

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7
Q
  • Controlled study in which the researcher attempts to understand cause-and-
    effect relationships.
  • “controlled” in the sense that the researcher controls
A

Experiment

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8
Q
  • Census, health statistics, and weather bureau reports
A

Use of Existing Studies

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9
Q

published or written reports, periodicals, and unpublished documents

A

Documentary sources

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10
Q

researchers who have done studies on the area of interest are asked personally or directly for information needed

A

Field measurements

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11
Q

Sampling procedure that gives every element of the population a (known) nonzero chance of being selected in the sample

A

PROBABILITY
SAMPLING

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12
Q
  • Method of selecting n units out of the N units in the population in such a way that every distinct sample of size n has an equal chance of being drawn.
  • The process of selecting the sample must give an equal chance of selection to any one of the remaining elements in the population at any one of the n draws.
A

Simple Random Sampling

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12
Q

Sampling technique where the odds of any member being selected for a sample cannot be calculated

A

NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING

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13
Q

True or False, Clusters may be of equal or unequal size

A

True

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13
Q
  • Population of N units is first divided into subpopulations called strata.
  • Then a simple random sample is drawn from each stratum, the selection being
    made independently in different strata.
A

Stratified Random Sampling

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14
Q
  • Method of sampling where a sample of distinct groups, or clusters, of elements
    is selected and then a census of every element in the selected clusters is taken.
A

Cluster Sampling

15
Q
  • Method of selecting a sample by taking every kth unit from an ordered
    population, the first unit being selected at random
A

Systematic Sampling

16
Q
  • Divided into a hierarchy of sampling units corresponding to the different
    sampling stages
  • Like cluster sampling, except it involves selecting a sample within each selected
    cluster, rather than including all units from selected clusters
A

Multi-Stage Sampling

17
Q
  • Units are drawn one by one in a sequence without prior fixing of the total number
    of observations and the results of the drawing at any stage are used to decide
    whether to terminate sampling or not.
  • The sample size is not set in advance, because you don’t know at the outset how
    many times, you’ll be repeating the process.
A

Sequential Sampling

18
Q
  • Also known as judgment, selective, or subjective sampling
  • Sets out to make a sample agree with the profile of the population based
    on some pre-selected characteristic.
  • Useful for situations where you need to reach a targeted sample quickly
    and where sampling for proportionality is not the primary concern.
A

Purposive Sampling

19
Q
  • Selects a specified number (quota) of sampling units possessing certain
    characteristics.
  • In proportional quota sampling you want to represent the major characteristics of
    the population by sampling a proportional amount of each.
A

Quota Sampling

20
Q

introduction of certain restrictions in order to limit researcher’s
choice of samples

A

Controlled

21
Q

resembles convenience sampling; researcher is free to choose
sample group members according to his/her will

A

Uncontrolled

22
Q
  • One of the most common methods of sampling
  • Also known as “Accidental” or “Haphazard” sampling
  • Selects sampling units that come to hand or are convenient to get information
    from
A

Convenience Sampling

23
Q
  • Involves the assembling of a sample of persons with known or demonstrable
    experience and expertise in some area.
  • It would be the best way to elicit the views of persons who have specific
    expertise.
  • Provide evidence for the validity of another sampling approach you’ve
    chosen
A

Expert Sampling

24
Q
  • Distribution of health-related
    studies
  • Describes disease occurrence
    as to person, place and time
  • Studies generate hypothesis
A

Descriptive Epidemiology

25
Q
  • Determinants of health-related
    states
  • Examination of association
    between variables
  • Studies test hypothesis
A

Analytic Epidemiology

26
Q
  • A detailed account of a patient’s experience and
    clinical manifestations that comprise a new or an atypical health event or disease
A

Case Report

27
Q
  • A study of several subjects manifesting similar signs
    and symptoms and linked by a common exposure and experience
A

Case Series

28
Q
  • The investigator determines through a controlled process the exposure for each individual (clinical trial) or community
    (community trial), and then tracks the individuals or
    communities over time to detect the effects of the exposure.
A

Experimental

29
Q
  • The epidemiologist simply observes the exposure and disease status of each study participant
A

Observational

30
Q

In this study, a sample of persons from a population are enrolled and
their exposures and health outcomes are measured simultaneously.
* Tends to asses the presence (prevalence) of the health outcome at
that point of time without regard to duration.

A

Cross -Sectional Study

31
Q

-Goal: test the efficacy of specific treatments or preventive
measures by assigning individual subjects to one of two or more
treatment or prevention options.
-Analogous to a prospective cohort study, except that the
investigators assign or allocate the exposure (treatment) under
study

A

Intervention Studies

31
Q

Two major types of intervention studies

A

Controlled clinical trials, community interventions

32
Q

individual subjects are assigned to one or another of the competing interventions

A

Controlled clinical trials

33
Q

an intervention is assigned to an entire
group.

A

Community interventions

34
Q

is similar in concept to the experimental study.

the investigator selects a group of exposed individuals
and a group of non exposed individuals and follows up both groups to compare the incidence of disease(or rate of death from disease)in the two groups.

A

Cohort Study

35
Q

An alternative
type of cohort study.
* In this type of study both the exposure and the outcomes have already
occurred

A

Retrospective Cohort Study

36
Q

the investigator
identifies the original population at the
beginning of the study.

A

Follow-up or Prospective Cohort Studies

37
Q
  • To examine the possible relation of an exposure to a certain disease, we identify a group of individuals with that disease (at CDC such persons are called case-patients rather than cases, because case refers to occurrence of
    disease, not a
    person).
A

Case-Control Study

CPH MOD 3-5 (4 decks)

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