Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

poplhlth 111 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology definition

A

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Population based (mass) strategy

A

Attempts to move the whole distribution of disease exposure and outcomes in a more favourable direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

High risk (individual) strategy

A

Only affects individuals over a certain threshold of the distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Population-based strategy advantages

A
  • radical (addresses underlying causes)
  • large potential benefit for whole population
  • behaviourally appropriate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Population-based strategy disadvantages

A
  • small benefit to individuals
  • poor motivation of individuals
  • whole population is exposed to downside of strategy (less favourable benefit-to-risk ratio)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

High-risk strategy advantages

A
  • appropriate to individuals
  • individual motivation
  • cost effective use of resources
  • favourable benefit-to-risk ratio
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

High-risk strategy disadvantages

A
  • cost of screening
  • temporary effect
  • limited potential
  • behaviourally inappropriate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Health promotion

A

acts on determinants of wellbeing of the whole population in everyday contexts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ottawa charter

A

health promotion: ‘mobilise action for community development’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ottawa charter acknowledges that health is: [4]

A
  • a fundamental right for everybody
  • that it requires both individual and collective responsibility
  • the opportunity to have good health should be equally available
  • good health is an essential element of social and economic development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ottawa charter basic strategies: [3]

A
  1. Enable
  2. Advocate
  3. Mediate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Enable (OC)

A

To provide opportunities for all individuals to make healthy choices through access to information, life skills and supportive environments

  • An individual level strategy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Advocate (OC)

A

to create favourable political, economic, social, cultural and physical environments by promoting/advocating for health and focusing on achieving equity in health

  • A systems level strategy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mediate (OC)

A

To facilitate/bring together individuals, groups and parties with opposing interests to work together/come to a compromise for the promotion of health

  • A strategy that joins up individuals, groups and systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ottawa charter priority action areas: [5]

A
  • develop personal skills
  • strengthen community action
  • create supportive environments
  • reorient health services towards primary health care
  • build healthy public policy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Primary prevention strategy

A
  • limit the occurrence of disease by controlling specific causes and risk factors
  • reduces disease incidence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Secondary prevention strategy

A
  • early detection to reduce the more serious consequences of disease
  • reduces prevalence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tertiary prevention strategy

A
  • reduce the complications of established disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Health protection

A
  • predominantly environmental hazard focused
  • risk/hazard assessment
  • occupational health & monitoring
  • risk communication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

systematic inequities for Māori: [4]

A
  • in health outcomes
  • in exposure to the determinants of health
  • in health system responsiveness
  • in representation in the health workforce
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Māori health promotion

A

the process of enabling Māori to increase control over the determinants of health and strengthen their identity, thus improving their health and position in society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cultural identity

A

Mauriora

22
Q

participation in society

A

Te Oranga

23
Q

healthy lifestyles

A

Toiora

24
Q

environmental protection

A

Waiora

25
Q

community leadership

A

Ngā Manukura

26
Q

autonomy

A

Te Mana Whakahaere

27
Q

estabilishing population health priorities: evidence based measures: [3]

A
  • descriptive
  • explanatory
  • evaluative
28
Q

descriptive evidence (prioritisation)

A

who is most least affected?
- historical trends
- future trends

29
Q

explanatory evidence (priorisation)

A

what are the determinants/risks? why are we getting worse/better? why are populations different (equity)?

30
Q

PAR

A

if the association is causal then this is the amount of disease (theoretically) we could prevent if we removed the risk factor from the particular population

31
Q

evaluative evidence (prioritisation)

A

what can improve health outcomes (and in whom)? is the intervention improving health outcomes? economic feasibility?

32
Q

Screening

A

This can apply to all levels of disease prevention.
Pop gets screened –> those who test pos go to gold standard test—> if pos then treatment. All neg will get rescreened at a time interval of choice

33
Q

Screening Criteria

A
  1. suitable disease
  2. suitable screening test
  3. suitable treatment
  4. suitable screening programme
34
Q

Suitable disease (screening)

A

needs to be an important health problem
can be common or uncommon
so detection leads to better health outcome

35
Q

Suitable test (screening)

A

reliable
safe
affordable
accurate
go against the gold standard

36
Q

Specificity

A

d/cg x 100
is high if the proportion of true negatives is high
fixed measure

37
Q

Sensitivty

A

a/eg x 100
high if proportion of true pos is high
fixed measure

38
Q

PPV

A

a/a+b
proportion who really have the disease of all who tested positive
changes with prevalence
if higher prev then a higher so higher PPV

39
Q

NPV

A

d/c+d x 100
probability of not having the disease if test is negative
not fixed

39
Q

Suitable treatment Screening

A

evidence of early treatment leading to better outcomes

40
Q

Suitable screening programme

A

benefits must outweigh harm
RCT evidence screening result is less deaths or increased survival time
reach all of community
cost effective

41
Q

Lead time Bias

A

survival time = time of death - time of diagnosis
if diagnosed earlier then appearance of more survival time even though disease progression is the same

42
Q

Length time bias

A

slower cases of disease progression more likley to be diagnosed than rapid cases

43
Q

Reasons for GBD Project

A

wanted info for policy on both death and disability
burden of disease
take account of fatal and non fatal outcomes

44
Q

DALY

A

Disability Adjusted Life Years
DALY = YLL + YLD
says burden of disability is the same in very country

45
Q

YLL

A

years of life lost
- number of deaths per year
- years lost per death relative to ideal age

46
Q

YLD

A

years lived with disability
- disability weight
- number of cases
- average duration until recovery or death

47
Q

Communicable Diseases

A

infectious diseases which can be transmitted e.g HIV

48
Q

Non Communicable Diseases

A

not able to spread
e.g CVD

49
Q

Low income country DALY

A

mostly CD
few NCD
lower age of death

50
Q

High Income country DALY

A

mostly NCD
few CD
higher age of death
Better healthcare

51
Q

Gains of the DALY approach

A
  1. drew attention to previously hidden burdens such as mental health
  2. NCD as an issue in both LIC and MIC and HIC
52
Q

Medical vs Social model of disability

A

Medical - thinks of those with a disability as a burden, individual problem, seen as dependent
Social - not the problem of the person but caused by social and environmental barriers

poplhlth 111 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions