Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

poplhlth 111 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of the causes

A

What causes the risk factor e.g what causes smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Causes of Causes example

A

Income
Employment
Education
Housing
Autonomy
Social Values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Determinants for populations

A

similar concepts to individuals but apply to the context in which the pop exists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Upstream Determinants

A

Shape the downstream determinants, e.g policy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Downstream determinants

A

Immediate determinants e.g choices. Near to the change in health status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Upstream interventions

A

operate at the marco level (distal) such as gov policy and focus on the pop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Downstream Interventions

A

operate on the micro (proximal level) including disease management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the social gradient

A

Those who are less deprived have fewer disease occurrences. This goes up in a gradual status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the levels of the D and W model from in to out

A

Age sex constitution (non modifiable)
individual lifestyle factors
Social and community networks
Living and working conditions
general socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Example of Living and working conditions

A

Education
Housing
Health care services
Employment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Example of induvidual lifestyle factors

A

The choices an individual makes, shaped by genes and determinants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Habitus

A

The lifestyle, values, dispositions and expectation of particular social groups ‘learned’ through everyday activities
social norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The community (L2)

A
  • role of friends and family
  • normalised attitudes
  • social capital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Social Capital

A

the value of social networks that facilitates bonds between people of similar groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The Environment (L3)

A
  • built environment
  • ecosystem
  • physical environments
  • political environment
  • cultural environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The Current Living Standards framework

A

Individual and collective wellbeing
Our Institutions and Governance - role in health of pop
The Wealth of NZ (4 capitals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The 4 capitals

A

Natural
Social
Human
Financial/ Physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Structure

A

Social and physical environmental conditions and patterns that influence choices and opportunities available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Agency

A

The Capacity of an individual to make free choices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a key feature of D and W model

A
  • permeability between factors
  • each factor influences each other
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is SEP

A

Socioeconomic Position
- factors that influence a person place in society
- determinants must be objective, meaningful, measurable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why Measure SEP

A

used to tell the level of inequality in society or between societies
highlight changes to pop structures
association with health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How to Measure SEP

A

Education
income
Occupation
Housing
Assets and Wealth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Measures of SEP for pop

A

Area - school Deciles NZDEP
pop - Income inequality, literacy rates, GDP per capita

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

SEP on D n W model

A

L1 - you and choices you make, your oppourunities
L2 - parents education ect (often used in youth health) intergenerational SEP
L3 - NZDEP, IMD, GCH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Inequities

A

differences in allocation of resources which are unjust, unfair and avoidable,
reducing could be cost-effective
do not reflect health needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Inequalities

A

differences between groups e.g social gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

NZDEP

A

communication - people with no access to internet at home
income - people 18-64 receiving a means tested benefit
income - people living in an equivilised household with income below an income threshold
employment - 18-64 unemployed
qualifications - people 18-64 without any qualifications
owned home - people not living in own home
support - people under 65 living in single parent family
living space - people living in equivalised household below a bedroom occupancy threshold
living conditions - people living in dwellings that are always damp and or have mould greater than A4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Preston curve

A

x axis - GDP per capital
y axis - life expectancy
trend - increase in income is increase in life expectancy
levelling off in life expectancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

PROGRESS

A

P - place of residence
R - Race/ethnicity/language
O - occupation
G - Gender/ Sex
R- religion
E - Education
S - SEP
S - Social Capital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why reduce inequities

A
  1. unfair
  2. avoidable
  3. they affect everybody
  4. reducing could be cost-effective

inequities in health outcomes result from inequities in opportunities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Lorenz Curve

A

measures income inequities
against a line of absolute equality (45*)
work with Gini coefficinent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Gini Coefficient

A

A/A+B
0 = equal
1 = very unequal
area between line of equality and line of perfect inequality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

implications of income inequities

A

unequal society
less trust
increased stress
reduced economic productivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Potential vs Realized access

A

potential - the number of services present in the population
realised - how people use and access facilities and services

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Avaliability

A

volume and type of services
- do you know where to healthcare
- can you find good healthcare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Acceptability

A

Psychosocial barriers
- look of doc
- look of other pt at doc

33
Q

Accommodation

A

organizational barriers
- GP hours
- how easy to get in touch with GP
- wait times

34
Q

Affordability

A

Financial
- direct and indirect costs

35
Q

Accessibility

A

Geographic barriers
- travel time
- transport resources

36
Q

Systemic / Institutional racisms

A

Lives in policy

37
Q

What did the Polynesian panthers do

A

food bank
homework help
tenancy help
protest
newspaper
help in rest homes

38
Q

Education to liberation

A

Education leads to better employment and thus better income - break cycle of poverty, help rise up in society

39
Q

IMD

A

employment - degree working age people are excluded from employment
income - extent of income deprivation by measuring state funded assistance
crime - crime domain and material victimisations
housing - proportion of people in overcrowded or rented housing
health - high level of ill health or mortality
education - captures youth disengagement, and proportion of working age without a formal qualification
access - cost and inconvenience of travelling to basic services

40
Q

IMD vs NZDEP

A

close correlation

40
Q

Elements of a health enviroment

A
  • clean air and water
  • appropriate housing
  • access to wholesome food
  • safe community spaces
  • access to transport
41
Q

Ecological fallacy

A

the error that arises when info about groups of people is used to make inferences about individuals

41
Q
A
41
Q

Built environment

A

all the buildings spaces and products that are created or at least significantly modified by people

42
Q

Ways to measure built environment

A

mixed use spaces - increases active transport and physical activity
street connectivity - grid-like pattern
urban sprawl
access to recreation facilities
level of traffic- encourages active transport

43
Q

socio-economic position

A

the social and economic factors that influence what positions individuals or groups hold within the structure of a society

44
Q

measuring SEP for individuals

A

education, income, occupation, housing, assets and wealth

45
Q

why measure SEP?

A
  • quantify the level in inequality within or between societies
  • highlight changes in pop structure
  • understand relationship between health and other social variables
46
Q

measuring SEP for populations

A

area measures:
- deprivation
- access

population measures:
- income inequality
- literacy rates
- GDP per capita

47
Q

levels of dahlgren and whitehead model (inside to outside)

A
  1. age, sex, constitutional factors
  2. individual lifestyle factors
  3. social and community networks
  4. living and working conditions
  5. general socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions
48
Q

how SEP relates to health

A

education, occupation, income and assets/wealth all interact to affect health outcomes

49
Q

deprivation

A

a state of observable and demonstrable disadvantage relative to the local community or wider society or nation to which individual, family or group belongs

50
Q

preston curve

A

GDP per capita on X axis, life expectancy on Y axis

51
Q

commercial determinants of health

A

the tension between commercial interests and public health objectives and the way this influences patterns of health and disease across populations

52
Q

constituency building

A
  • promoting or sponsoring efforts beyond their core business
  • partnerships with charities or foundations
53
Q

determinants of ethnic inequities in health: [3]

A
  1. differential access to health determinants or exposures leading to differences in disease incidence
  2. differential access to health care
  3. differences in quality of care received
54
Q

land alienation

A

associated with social disruption of community, breakdown of political power and alliances, economic resource depletion and poverty, resentment by indigenous peoples

55
Q

ERP

A

estimate resident population (not broken down into ethnic group)

56
Q

HSU

A

health service utilisation and outcomes (objective)

57
Q

IDI

A

integrated data infrastructure

58
Q

IDI benefits

A
  • link data from multiple sources to gain system-wide insights
  • view longitudinal, life-course information
  • identify risk factors and protective factors
  • perform predictive risk modelling
  • evaluate effectiveness of particular interventions
  • identify characteristics of groups with positive and negative outcomes
  • tailor interventions to people based on characteristics they share with groups studied
59
Q

IDI risks

A
  • follow individuals who are using services
  • identify specific individuals who are at risk or would benefit from a specific intervention
  • identify specific individuals who are abusing systems and take enforcement action
60
Q

prioritised output advantages

A
  • ensure that where some need exists to assign people to a single ethnic group, ethnic groups of policy importance or of small size are not swamped by the NZ european ethnic group
  • produces data that is easy to work with as each individual appears only once
61
Q

prioritised output disadvantages

A
  • places people in a specific ethnic group which simplifies yet biases the resulting statistics as it over-represents some groups at the expense of other in ethnic group counts
  • is an externally applied single ethnicity which is inconsistent with the concept of self-identification
62
Q

total response output advantages

A
  • has the potential to represent people who do not identify with any given ethnic group, depending on the level of detal reported
63
Q

total response output disadvantages

A
  • creates complexities in the distribution of funding based on population numbers or in monitoring changes in the ethnic composition of a population in health
  • creates issues in interpretation of data reported by ethnic groupings, where comparisons between groups include overlapping data
64
Q

numerical ageing

A

the absolute increase in the population that is elderly (reflects previous demographic patters and improvements in life expectancy)

65
Q

structural ageing

A

the increase in the proportion of the population that is elderly (driven by decreases in fertility rates)

66
Q

natural decline of the population

A

occurs when there are more deaths than births in a population (combination of absolute and structural ageing, more elderly = more deaths)

67
Q

absolute decline of the population

A

occurs when there is insufficient migration to replace the ‘lost’ births and increased deaths

68
Q

what are SDGs

A

a global call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and improve the lives and prospects of everyone, everywhere

69
Q

the 17 SDGs

A
  1. no poverty
  2. zero hunger
  3. good health and wellbeing
  4. quality education
  5. gender equality
  6. clean water and sanitation
  7. affordable and clean energy
  8. decent work and economic growth
  9. industry, innovation, infrastructure
  10. reduced inequalities
  11. sustainable cities and communities
  12. responsible consumption and production
  13. climate action
  14. life below water
  15. life on land
  16. peace, justice and strong institudtions
  17. partnership for the goals
70
Q

target 3.4 NCDs

A

by 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being

71
Q

biosphere level SDGs

A
  • clean water and sanitation
  • climate action
  • life below water
  • life on land
72
Q

society level SDGs

A
  • no poverty
  • sustainable cities
  • peace, justice and strong institutions
  • affordable and clean energy
  • good health and well-being
  • quality education
  • gender equality
  • zero hunger
73
Q

economy level SDGs

A
  • decent work and economic growth
  • industry, innovation and infrastructure
  • reduced inequalities
  • responsible, consumption and production
74
Q

natural capital

A

this refers to all aspects of the natural environment needed to support life and human activity. it includes land, soil, water, plants and animals as well as minerals and energy resources

75
Q

social capital

A

this describes the norms and values that underpin society. it includes things like trust, the rule of law, the crown-māori relationship, cultral identity and the connections between people and communities

76
Q

human capital

A

encompasses peoples skills, knowledge and physical and mental health.
these are the things which enable people to participate fully in work, study, recreation and in society more broadly

77
Q

financial/physical capital

A

this includes things like houses, roads, buildings, hospitals, factories, equipment and vechiles. these are the things which make up the country’s physical and financial assets which have a direct role in supporting incomes and material living conditions

78
Q

volume

A

the computing capacity required to store and analyse data

79
Q

velocity

A

the speed at which that data are created and analysed

80
Q

variety

A

the types of data sources available

81
Q

veracity

A

the accuracy and credibility of data

82
Q

variability

A

the internal consistency of your data

83
Q

value

A

the costs required to undertake big data analysis should pay dividends for your organisation and their patients

84
Q

visualisation

A

the use of novel techniques to communicate the patters that would otherwise be lost in massive tables of data

poplhlth 111 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions