Module 3 Flashcards
An evidence- and risk-based comprehensive system that promotes a culture of patient safety, sets policies and procedures to minimize or reduce healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in hospitals and other healthcare settings, monitors compliance, and
addresses the need to continuously improve.
Section A: Planning and Implementing Risk‑Based IPCPs
Infection prevention and control program (IPCP)
A diagnostic tool for identifying trends and interventions that will help prevent and control
infections.
Section A: Planning and Implementing Risk‑Based IPCPs
Risk assessment
Section A: Planning and Implementing Risk‑Based IPCPs
Professionals who make sure that healthcare workers and residents are doing all the things they should to prevent infections. (APIC)
Section A: Planning and Implementing Risk‑Based IPCPs
Infection preventionist (IP)
The group of people responsible for carrying out all aspects of the IPCP as delegated by facility leadership; the core of this team includes the IP, the chair of the IPC committee, the healthcare epidemiologist (if this position is staffed at the facility), and possibly someone responsible for occupational health or administration.
Section A: Planning and Implementing Risk‑Based IPCPs
IPC team
The set of values, guiding beliefs, or ways of thinking that are shared among members of an organization.
Section A: Planning and Implementing Risk‑Based IPCPs
Organizational culture
Any negative impact event involving one or more patients in a healthcare setting, including but not limited to sentinel events, drug-related errors, HAIs (including surgical site infections), technical or nontechnical competency errors, diagnostic mishaps,
therapeutic mishaps, or process errors.
Section A: Planning and Implementing Risk‑Based IPCPs
Adverse event
An event resulting in death or serious physical or psychological harm or the risk thereof.
Section A: Planning and Implementing Risk‑Based IPCPs
Sentinel event
An event in which the unwanted consequences were prevented because there was a recovery by planned or unplanned identification and correction of the failure.
(AHRQ)
Section A: Planning and Implementing Risk‑Based IPCPs
Near-miss
An external failure in a plan due to reduced intentionality.
Section A: Planning and Implementing Risk‑Based IPCPs
Slip
An internal failure occurring from failures of memory and memory storage.
Section A: Planning and Implementing Risk‑Based IPCPs
Lapse
An integrated approach to emergency preparedness planning that focuses on capacities and capabilities that are critical to preparedness for a full spectrum of emergencies or disasters; the approach is specific to the location of the provider or supplier and considers the particular types of hazards most likely to occur in their areas. (Federal Register)
Section B: Infection Prevention and Control Risk Assessments and Plans
All-hazards approach
A tool that helps ensure that each list element is thoroughly considered or reviewed, that nothing is missed; checklist elements should reflect evidencebased good p
Section B: Infection Prevention and Control Risk Assessments and Plans
Checklist
Methods to promote the use of evidence-based practices to improve healthcare quality.
Section B: Infection Prevention and Control Risk Assessments and Plans
Implementation science
A process of meeting quality standards and assuring that care reaches an acceptable level. (CMS)
Section C: Planning for Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement
Quality assurance
An ongoing continuous cycle that focuses on resident clinical outcomes, customer satisfaction, and service.
Section C: Planning for Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement
Performance improvement
A snapshot of an organization’s intended future.
Section C: Planning for Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement
Vision statement
A description of the organization’s purpose or goal; used to guide decision making and actions.
Section C: Planning for Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement
Mission statement
A quantitative tool that provides an indication of an organization’s performance in relation to a specified process or outcome.
Section C: Planning for Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement
Performance measure
A measure that assesses features of a healthcare organization or clinician relevant to its capacity to provide healthcare. (CMS)
Section C: Planning for Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement
Structural measure
A performance measure that looks at a system from multiple angles or dimensions to avoid unintended consequences from a change in a different part of the system.
Section C: Planning for Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement
Balancing measure
A type of performance measure designed to evaluate the processes or outcomes of care associated with the delivery of clinical services, to allow for intra- and interorganizational comparisons to be used to continuously improve resident health outcomes, and to focus on the appropriateness of clinical decision making and implementation of these decisions.
Section C: Planning for Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement
Clinical measure
The level below which the process being used to reach a higher goal needs revision or improvement.
Section C: Planning for Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement
Minimum performance threshold
Evaluates whether findings can be repeated consistently when applied to new populations, to different institutions, or by different individuals. (Quality Indicator Study Group)
Section D: Implementing Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement
Reproducibility
A systematic, proactive method for evaluating a process to identify where and how it might fail and to assess the relative impact of different failures in order to identify the parts of the process that are most in need of change.
Section D: Implementing Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement
Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA)
A process for identifying the basic or causal factors that underlie variation in performance.
Section D: Implementing Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement
Root cause analysis (RCA)
A technique to compare best practices with current processes and determine the steps to take to move from a current state to a desired future state.
Section D: Implementing Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement
Gap analysis
A diagram with boxes that show process steps, questions, people, systems, or other data of interest, with lines illustrating how the elements are interrelated.
Section D: Implementing Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement
Flowchart
A type of bar chart that sorts a data series into vertical bars, each of which depicts an action or cause of interest, in descending order of height from left to right.
Section D: Implementing Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement
Pareto chart
A small, straightforward set of evidence-based practices that, when performed collectively and reliably, have been proven to improve patient outcomes. (IHI).
Section D: Implementing Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement
Care bundle
A brief document that adds formality to the project process, sets the scope of the project, identifies a project manager and invests that person with budget and staffing authority, discusses high-level risks and assumptions, and sets budget and resource constraints.
Section D: Implementing Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement
Project charter
A process of appraisal that considers the value and significance of quality, cost, safety, and practitioner choice for product selection. (APIC)
Section D: Implementing Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement
Product evaluation
The application of a product for a purpose that is not included in the approved device labeling.
Section D: Implementing Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement
Off-label use
A deviation from the recognized standard of care.
Section E: Preventing/Controlling the Transmission of Infectious Section E: Preventing/Controlling the Transmission of Infectious Agents
Breach of duty
A series of evidence-based procedures, used for all patients in all settings, to reduce the presence of microbiological agents in a healthcare facility and to prevent cross-contamination between HCP, patients, and the environment.
Section E: Preventing/Controlling the Transmission of Infectious Agents
Standard precautions (SP) strategies
The process of combining drug ingredients to prepare medications that are not commercially available (i.e., neonate, pediatric, and geriatric dosage forms or
manufacturer-related drug shortages) or to alter commercially available medications to meet patient needs (e.g., dye-free, liquid).
Section E: Preventing/Controlling the Transmission of Infectious Agents
Compounding
Procedures used with residents who are known or suspected to be infected or colonized with infectious agents, including certain epidemiologically important pathogens.
Transmission-based precautions (TBP)
Used to prevent the transmission of infectious organisms that are spread by contact with the patient or the patient’s environment.
Section E: Preventing/Controlling the Transmission of Infectious Agents
Contact precautions
Used to prevent the transmission of infectious organisms that are spread though large respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing, or talking.
Section E: Preventing/Controlling the Transmission of Infectious Agents
Droplet precautions
Used to prevent the transmission of infectious organisms that remain suspended in the air and travel great distances due to their small size.
Section E: Preventing/Controlling the Transmission of Infectious Agents
Airborne precautions
A type of TBP that is designed to protect a patient from others who may be potentially harmful to them by placing them in a specialized area.
Section E: Preventing/Controlling the Transmission of Infectious Agents
Protective environment
Any device used to access the vascular system for hemodynamic monitoring, medication administration, infusions, blood sampling, or dialysis. (APIC)
Section F: Controlling Infections Associated with Medical Procedures
Vascular access device (VAD)
An inflammatory process of the lung parenchyma caused by a microbial agent.
Section F: Controlling Infections Associated with Medical Procedures
Pneumonia
Pneumonia occurring in any patient admitted to the hospital from the community.
Section F: Controlling Infections Associated with Medical Procedures
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
Pneumonia occurring in patients with any of the following special epidemiological characteristics: (1) hospitalized in an acute care hospital for 2 or more days within 90 days of the current infection; (2) resided in a nursing home or LTC facility; (3) received recent
intravenous antibiotic therapy, chemotherapy, or wound care within the past 30 days of current infection; or (4) attended a hospital or hemodialysis clinic.
Section F: Controlling Infections Associated with Medical Procedures
Healthcare-acquired pneumonia (HCAP)
Pneumonia developing ≥ 48 hours after admission to the hospital.
Section F: Controlling Infections Associated with Medical Procedures
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)
Pneumonia identified in patients not on mechanical ventilation.
Section F: Controlling Infections Associated with Medical Procedures
Non-ventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia (NV-HAP)
A type of HAP that develops in patients who have been intubated and have received mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours.
Section F: Controlling Infections Associated with Medical Procedures
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
A condition that results in a significant and sustained deterioration in oxygenation.
Section F: Controlling Infections Associated with Medical Procedures
Ventilator-associated event (VAE)
An antigenic substance or antibody containing preparation used to induce immunity and prevent infectious disease.
Section G: Vaccines
Active immunization
A preparation that is used to stimulate the body’s immune response against diseases.(CDC)
Section G: Vaccines
Vaccine
A modified (nontoxic) bacterial toxin that is capable of stimulating antitoxin formation.
Section G: Vaccines
Toxoid
Use of an preparation containing antibodies produced by another human or animal to enhance or restore immunity.
Section G: Vaccines
Passive immunization
A sterile solution containing antibodies from human blood.
Section G: Vaccines
Immunoglobulin (Ig)
A solution of antibodies derived from the serum of animals immunized with specific antigens.
Section G: Vaccines
Antitoxin
A condition in a potential vaccine recipient that might increase the risk for either a serious adverse event or that might compromise the ability of the vaccine to produce immunity in the recipient.
Section G: Vaccines
Precaution
A written protocol that allows trained and qualified healthcare professionals to assess the need for and administer certain vaccines to patients who meet specific criteria, without the need of a physician’s exam.
Section G: Vaccines
Vaccine standing order
The concept that learners learn more and retain their learning longer if they acquire it in an active rather than a passive manner.
Section H: Education and Research
Active learning
Formal and/or informal work-related systematic training delivered on site in a group training session by the employer to provide continuing professional development related to HCP knowledge, skills, and behaviors.
Section H: Education and Research
In-service training
Opportunities to acquire general or focused knowledge through lecture, discussion, or interactive methods.
Section H: Education and Research
Continuing education
A standardized measure enabling a person to demonstrate a predetermined competency level deemed necessary for persons practicing infection, prevention and control.
Section H: Education and Research
Certification
Recognition by a governmental agency (e.g., a state or provincial nursing or medical board) that an individual has met the minimum requirements to practice in the
jurisdiction.
Section H: Education and Research
Licensure
Worker skills, knowledge, and the mindset necessary to achieve effective job performance.
Section H: Education and Research
Competencies
An activity in which HCP demonstrate proper exercise of a given competency by performing the required processes as they were taught.
Section H: Education and Research
Return demonstration
Direct observations of HCP practices in the healthcare setting, often facilitated using checklists.
Section H: Education and Research
Audits
When individuals modify their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed.
Section H: Education and Research
Hawthorne effect
A training evaluation conducted during the planning of an educational session to provide immediate feedback and to allow appropriate changes to be made.
Section H: Education and Research
Formative evaluation
A training evaluation that occurs after a program is completed to determine impact and overall effectiveness.
Section H: Education and Research
Summative evaluation
A group sharing a common experience, such as the use of central lines.
Section H: Education and Research
Cohort
