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CIC Certification > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the distribution and determinants of disease and other conditions in human populations.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

The number of new cases of a given disease in a given time period.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Incidence

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3
Q

The number of existent cases of a given disease at a given time.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Prevalence

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4
Q

An excess over the expected incidence of disease within a given geographical area during a specified time period.

A

Epidemic

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5
Q

An epidemic spread over a wide geographical area, across countries or continents.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Pandemic

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6
Q

Synonymous with epidemic but often preferred when dealing with the public; in local settings, a group of people with the same disease who are epidemiologically linked.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Outbreak

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7
Q

A group of persons with a given disease occurring in the same space and time but not epidemiologically linked. If an epidemiological link is made, may become an outbreak.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Cluster

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8
Q

In biology, a biting insect, tick, or other organism responsible for transmitting a disease, pathogen, or parasite between persons, animals, or plants.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Vector

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9
Q

A place in which an infectious agent can survive but may or may not multiply, for example, Pseudomonas in nebulizers and hepatitis B on the surface of a
hemodialysis machine.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Reservoir

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10
Q

A disease transmitted from animals to humans (e.g., cat scratch fever, psittacosis).

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Zoonosis

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11
Q

An inanimate object on which organisms may exist for some period of time, for example, a contaminated piece of medical equipment.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Fomite

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12
Q

The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent, based on the immunity of a high proportion of individual members of the group.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Herd immunity

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13
Q

The probability or likelihood of an event occurring.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Risk factor

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14
Q

An infection that runs a course similar to that of clinical disease but below the threshold of discernible clinical symptoms.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Infection—unapparent, asymptomatic, or subclinical

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15
Q

An infection that results in clinical signs and symptoms of a recognizable disease process.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Infection—apparent, clinical, or symptomatic

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16
Q

An infection that is not present at the time of admission to a healthcare facility but is temporally associated with admission to or a procedure performed in the facility; may also be related to a recent hospitalization.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Healthcare-associated infection (HAI)

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17
Q

An infection that is present on admission to a healthcare facility and has no association with a recent hospitalization.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Community-acquired infection

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18
Q

A component of the epidemiological triangle; refers to a human or other animal.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Host

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19
Q

A component of the epidemiological triangle; consists of all external factors associated with the host.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Environment

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20
Q

A component of the epidemiological triangle; may be a bacteria, virus, fungus, protozoan, helminth, or prion.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Agent

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21
Q

A biological, physical, or chemical entity capable of causing disease.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Causative agent

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22
Q

A person who shows no recognizable signs or symptoms of a disease but is capable of spreading the disease to others.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Carrier

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23
Q

Those who have recovered from a disease but still have organisms present that can be transmitted.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Convalescent carriers

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24
Q

Persons who may continue to have organisms present for very long periods of time.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Chronic carriers

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25
Q

Persons who may continue to have organisms present for very long periods of time.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Sustained carriers

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26
Q

Persons who periodically shed organisms.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Intermittent carriers

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27
Q

In the chain of infection, the path by which an infectious agent leaves the reservoir.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Portal of exit

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28
Q

The method by which an organism reaches a susceptible host.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Mode of transmission

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29
Q

A mode of transmission that features person-to-person spread with actual physical contact occurring between a source and a susceptible host.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Direct contact

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30
Q

A mode of transmission that occurs when a patient comes in contact with a contaminated intermediate object or fomite.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Indirect contact

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31
Q

A mode of transmission that occurs when the infectious agent spends only a brief period passing through the air and can be inhaled at that time.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Droplet transmission

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32
Q

An efficient mode of transmission that may involve varying distances between the source and the host.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Airborne spread

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33
Q

The mechanical transfer of microorganisms by a vector, such as a fly on food.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

External vector-borne transmission

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34
Q

Involves the transfer of infectious material directly from the vector into the new host, such as occurs with mosquitoes and malaria.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Internal vector-borne transmission

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35
Q

In the chain of infection, the means by which an infectious agent enters a susceptible host.

Section A: Epidemiology

A

Portal of entry

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36
Q

A system for routine, ongoing, and systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of surveillance data to identify infections (i.e., HAI and community-acquired), infection risks, communicable disease outbreaks, and to maintain or improve resident health status.

Section B: Surveillance Design

A

Surveillance

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37
Q

Surveillance that involves trained individuals (such as IPs) actively looking for healthcare-associated infections using standardized definitions and protocols.

Section B: Surveillance Design

A

Active surveillance

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38
Q

Surveillance that relies on others (e.g., physicians, nurses, or the microbiology laboratory) who are not trained on surveillance methods or primarily responsible for surveillance activities to report healthcare-associated infections.

Section B: Surveillance Design

A

Passive surveillance

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39
Q

The set of protocols and guidelines that will direct surveillance activities

Section B: Surveillance Design

A

Surveillance plan

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40
Q

A measure that indicates the result of the performance (or nonperformance) of functions or processes.

Section B: Surveillance Design

A

Outcome measure

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41
Q

A measure that focuses on a process or the steps in a process that lead to a specific outcome.

Section B: Surveillance Design

A

Process measure

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42
Q

Detail the steps necessary for reaching the goals and addressing the issues identified during surveillance.

Section B: Surveillance Design

A

Action plans

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43
Q

Measures and tracks all infections at a facility, across its entire population of residents and staff; also known as “comprehensive” or “whole house” surveillance.

Section B: Surveillance Design

A

Total surveillance

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44
Q

Focuses on a narrow selection of infections and pathogens; also known as “priority-directed” surveillance.

Section B: Surveillance Design

A

Targeted surveillance

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45
Q

The collection and analysis of pre-diagnostic and nonclinical disease indicators using preexisting electronic data.

Section B: Surveillance Design

A

Syndromic surveillance

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46
Q

Collecting and referencing of data in real time, with a focus on new information as it comes in.

Section C: Data Collection and Management

A

Concurrent data collection

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47
Q

Collating of data that has already been collected, with a
focus on examining what has already happened.

Section C: Data Collection and Management

A

Retrospective data collection

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48
Q

Specific conditions that qualify as infections for the purpose of surveillance data collection; they are also used in the calculation and reporting of infection rates.

Section C: Data Collection and Management

A

Surveillance criteria

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49
Q

Data that is socio-economic in nature (e.g., age, sex, race).

Section C: Data Collection and Management

A

Demographic data

50
Q

Data related to high-volume, high-risk events within a faciility (e.g., HAIs, immunization rates).

Section C: Data Collection and Management

A

Event data

51
Q

Data related to facility protocols and practices (e.g., standard precautions, environmental cleaning).

Section C: Data Collection and Management

A

Process data

52
Q

Data bound by a unit of time (e.g., month, year).

Section C: Data Collection and Management

A

Time data

53
Q

The extent to which a measure accurately reflects the concept or construct that it is intended to measure. (The Joint Commission)

Section C: Data Collection and Management

A

Validity

54
Q

The relationship between a risk factor and an outcome, such as a disease.

Section D: Statistics

A

Association

55
Q

The probability of developing a disease if the risk factor is present divided by the probability of developing the disease if the risk factor is not present.

Section D: Statistics

A

Relative risk (RR)

56
Q

The probability of having a particular risk factor if a condition or disease is present divided by the probability of having the risk factor if the disease or condition is not present.

Section D: Statistics

A

Odds ratio (OR)

57
Q

Data representing counts or values on a numeric scale.

Section D: Statistics

A

Quantitative data

58
Q

Data representing whole numbers.

Section D: Statistics

A

Discrete data

59
Q

Data that can be measured on a continuum or scale.

Section D: Statistics

A

Continuous data

60
Q

Data representing qualities or characteristics.

Section D: Statistics

A

Qualitative data

61
Q

Data split into mutually exclusive groups.

Section D: Statistics

A

Categorical data

62
Q

The crudest level of measurement in descriptive statistics. Creates categorical data in which no order is implied by the classifications. Values cannot be measured mathematically (e.g., cannot be averaged) but frequency or percentage can be applied.

Section D: Statistics

A

Nominal scale

63
Q

A measurement in descriptive statistics that applies ranking to categorical data on a relative scale so that each category is distinct and stands in some definite relationship to each of the other categories but does not indicate how much greater each level is than another.

Section D: Statistics

A

Ordinal scale

64
Q

A measurement in descriptive statistics in which the exact distance between any two ordinal scale observations is known and assumed to be equal but attributes measured have no real, rational zero point.

Section D: Statistics

A

Interval scale

65
Q

The highest level of measurement in descriptive statistics; creates interval scale observations that have an absolute, real zero point, which allows for higher levels of statistical analysis.

Section D: Statistics

A

Ratio scale

66
Q

The process by which the population in a dataset is separated into distinct categories.

Section D: Statistics

A

Stratification

67
Q

Used when one needs to compare the event rates of different groups, for example, if an IP wants to compare catheter-associated urinary tract infection rates for two facilities.

Section D: Statistics

A

Standardization

68
Q

The comparison of any two quantitative values.

Section D: Statistics

A

Ratio

69
Q

A specific kind of ratio that compares a part to the whole.

Section D: Statistics

A

Proportion

70
Q

A specific kind of ratio that includes a unit of time, and provides information about how fast events are occurring.

Section D: Statistics

A

Rate

71
Q

Calculation of the direction and magnitude of a relationship between two variables.

Section D: Statistics

A

Correlation

72
Q

A way to explain the relationship between a dependent variable (y) and one or more explanatory (or independent) variables (x).

Section D: Statistics

A

Regression

73
Q

A systematic error in study design, subject recruitment, data collection, or analysis that results in a mistaken estimate of the true population parameter. (NIH)

Section D: Statistics

A

Bias

74
Q

A variable that is an independent cause or predictor of the exposure and the outcome and is not on the path between the exposure and the outcome; also called a confounding variable.

Section D: Statistics

A

Confounder

75
Q

Prevalence at a specific point in time (e.g., on a given day).

Section D: Statistics

A

Point prevalence

76
Q

Prevalence during a span of time (e.g., over the course of a given month).

Section D: Statistics

A

Period prevalence

77
Q

A measure of the number of new cases or events within the population at risk during the identified time period.

Section D: Statistics

A

Incidence proportion

78
Q

Represents the proportion of new cases over a particular period of time.

Section D: Statistics

A

Incidence rate

79
Q

The proportion of persons at risk who become infected over an entire period of exposure or a measure of the risk or probability of becoming a case.

Section D: Statistics

A

Attack rate

80
Q

A measure of the frequency of death in a defined population during a specified time (usually a year).

Section D: Statistics

A

Mortality rate

81
Q

The set of all observations of interest to the investigator (the universe).

Section D: Statistics

A

Population

82
Q

A group of observations selected from a population and chosen to represent the population as a whole.

Section D: Statistics

A

Sample

83
Q

Describe how observations cluster around a middle value and locate only the center of a distribution measure; include mean, median, and mode.

Section D: Statistics

A

Measures of central tendency

84
Q

The sum of all values divided by the total number of values.

Section D: Statistics

A

Mean

85
Q

The midpoint of a set of observations

Section D: Statistics

A

Median

86
Q

The observation that occurs most frequently in a data set.

Section D: Statistics

A

Mode

87
Q

The difference between the smallest and largest values in a data set.

Section D: Statistics

A

Range

88
Q

A bell-shaped curve on a graph in which the
distribution (spread) of the values is even on both sides of the mean (both halves are equal) and the mean, median, and mode are all equal.

Section D: Statistics

A

Normal distribution

89
Q

The distribution of samples taken.

Section D: Statistics

A

Sampling distribution

90
Q

The distribution of data around the mean.

Section D: Statistics

A

Dispersion

91
Q

The difference between an individual value in a data set and the mean value.

Section D: Statistics

A

Deviation

92
Q

The deviation around the mean of a distribution.

Section D: Statistics

A

Variance

93
Q

A measure that reflects the distribution of values around the mean; it is the average of all deviations in a data set and indicates how spread out the data are around the mean.

Section D: Statistics

A

Standard deviation

94
Q

The cutoff point for accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis. In a one-tailed test, this occupies just one end of the distribution (bell curve), but, in a two-tailed test, it takes up both ends of the distribution.

Section D: Statistics

A

Rejection region

95
Q

The probability value arbitrarily chosen by the
researcher as the desired level of probability at which one may feel secure in rejecting the null hypothesis; typically set at 0.05 or 0.01.

Section D: Statistics

A

Level of significance

96
Q

The probability of observing a sample in which the test statistic is greater than or equal to the test statistic for the sample that was actually observed.

Section D: Statistics

A

p value

97
Q

The ability of the indicator to accurately and
consistently identify the events it was designed to identify across multiple healthcare settings. (The Joint Commission)

Section D: Statistics

A

Reliability

98
Q

Occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true or when significance is attributed when there actually is none.

Section D: Statistics

A

Type I error

99
Q

Occurs when the null hypothesis is accepted when it is actually false or when significance is not attributed when it actually exists.

Section D: Statistics

A

Type II error

100
Q

A measure of the probability that a test correctly identifies as positive persons who have a disease.

Section D: Statistics

A

Sensitivity

101
Q

A measure of the proportion of persons with a positive test who have a disease.

Section D: Statistics

A

Positive predictive value (PPV)

102
Q

A measure of the probability that a test correctly identifies persons without a disease as negative.

Section D: Statistics

A

Specificity

103
Q

A measure of the proportion of persons without a disease who test negative.

Section D: Statistics

A

Negative predictive value (NPV)

104
Q

A table with two outcome columns (e.g., disease and no disease) and two exposure rows (e.g., exposed and not exposed).

Section D: Statistics

A

2 by 2 table

105
Q

The ability of a test to detect a specified difference.

Section D: Statistics

A

Power

106
Q

A data set presented in rows and columns.

Section E: Presenting Surveillance Activity
Results

A

Table

107
Q

A form of visual data presentation used when the magnitudes of different events is important or when one wants to compare parts of the bigger picture.

Section E: Presenting Surveillance Activity
Results

A

Chart

108
Q

Shows the proportion that a group represents within the whole population.

Section E: Presenting Surveillance Activity
Results

A

Pie chart

109
Q

Presents data as side-by-side bars for an easy
comparison of magnitudes, frequency distributions, and time-series data.

Section E: Presenting Surveillance Activity
Results

A

Bar graph

110
Q

A graphic of frequency distribution that looks much like a bar graph but in which each bar represents a different time interval.

Section E: Presenting Surveillance Activity
Results

A

Histogram

111
Q

Chart used to display the same data over time, for example, the rate of ICU CLABSIs over a year; each time point is equidistant from the previous and next time points, with time running along the x axis.

Section E: Presenting Surveillance Activity
Results

A

Line chart

112
Q

A tool for illustrating the geographic distribution of cases; uses dots or other symbols to show where each case-patient lives or was exposed.

Section E: Presenting Surveillance Activity
Results

A

Spot map

113
Q

Map that uses different shades of chosen colors to indicate different rates of infection (or other disease/health condition), with the darker shades indicating higher rates or an increasing disease burden.

Section E: Presenting Surveillance Activity
Results

A

Area map

114
Q

A set of methods for improving systems, processes, and outcomes; the primary goal is to recognize and understand common and special cause variations that affect a process.

Section E: Presenting Surveillance Activity
Results

A

Statistical process control (SPC)

115
Q

The deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs (agents) used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants. (CDC)

Section F: Emergency Preparedness

A

Bioterrorism attack

116
Q

A standardized management tool for meeting the demands of small or large emergency or
nonemergency situations. (FEMA)

Section F: Emergency Preparedness

A

Incident Command System (ICS)

117
Q

A set of uniformly applied criteria for determining whether a person should be identified as having a particular disease, injury, or other health condition; it usually specifies clinical, laboratory, and other
diagnostic criteria.

Section G: Outbreak Investigations

A

Case definition

118
Q

A document that contains information related to patient symptoms (in case there is the possibility that it is a pseudo-outbreak), medications, procedures, consults, patient locations, contact with HCP, and host of other
factors that might predispose the patients to the infection under investigation.

Section G: Outbreak Investigations

A

Line list

119
Q

A graph in which the cases of a disease that occur during an epidemic (outbreak) are plotted according to the time of onset of illness.

Section G: Outbreak Investigations

A

Epidemic curve

120
Q

Protocols designed to interrupt the transmission of and reduce or eliminate the occurrence of communicable diseases and infections.

Section G: Outbreak Investigations

A

Control measures

CIC Certification (7 decks)

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