Module 3 Flashcards
Pharmacokinetics
Coat thickness design whether release & absorption in proximal / distal bowel (Ex: dissolution in SI & release in Colon)
Enteric-coated tablet
This is focused on the nature of drugs, what are their forms, why are they designed for, and what makes them acceptable to the body when administered.
Pharmaceutical Phase
The last phase of drug p-kinetics is being converted into an inactive metabolite.
Elimination
Orally taken as supported by water. Their rate of dissolution varies.
Tablets
Indicates that there is no net influx or movement of drug across the membrane that it crosses and transport of drug in between compartment is low.
Steady state concentration of drug
Assist the diagnosis of diseases and disorders in humans and animals. Diagnostic agents may be inorganic chemicals for examining the gastrointestinal tract, organic chemicals for visualizing the circulatory system and liver and radioactive compounds for measuring the function of organ system.
Diagnostic agents
Are applied to the skin surface or topical application; doesn’t contain a drug in many cases but are used for skin care and protection
Powders, ointments, and pastes
The distribution of the drug is influenced by:
1) pH and lipid solubility
2) active transport
3) protein binding and tissue bindings
Are substances with active pharmacological properties in humans and animals. Drugs are compounded with other materials, such as pharmaceutical necessities, to produce a medicinal product.
Drugs
A type of solid drug with active compnent at the core to mask the bad tatse or odor
Enteric-coated tab
Are applied on rectal or vaginal mucosal route, respectively.
Suppositories and vaginal tablets
Capsule with coated drug pellets
Sustained release
Focused on the fate of the drug once it is taken into the body, it describes the drug molecules that is absorbed and circulating with the body, how much of the administered dose had reached the plasma, gets sequestered and eliminated from the body; what the body does to the drug is its most simple description.
Pharmacokinetics
The premature degradation of drug molecules by hepatic enzymeleading to sub-concentration of drug and does not reach effective plasma peak concentration
First-pass effect/Hepatic first-pass
What does ADME stand for?
absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
Drugs that are not freely permeable through the cell membrane may require drug shuttles or drugs can be distributed to extracellular fluid compartment and have restricted site of action
Hydrophilic drugs
After a drug is absorbed, it is distributed into intestinal, cellular or transcellular fluids.
Distribution
Pass through GI mucosa in intestines, the site of absorption and drug solution forms in the stomach.
Absorption
What are the organs involved in ADME?
GI System, Blood, Liver and kidney respectively
Film thickness (gradual dissolution in enteral transit, variable release & absorption)
Tablet / Capsule
A more viscous liquid drug compared to solutions. The viscosity prolongs their contact time on the surface where they are intended to be applied.
Drops
The drug that has the most delayed time in enteric route
Enteric-coated tab
Contain micronized drug powder that can be sprayed onto mucosal surfaces of body cavities accessible from the outside (e.g., the respiratory tract)
Aerosol Drugs
Dividable ad libitum (fractions of dose can be administered) Retarded release is for undesirable rapid rise in blood level or slow absorption is needed for longer drug effect
Coated tab with delayed release (slow-release tabs)
Is the study of drug action relating to its chemical structure, site of action, and the biochemical and physiological consequences in humans and animals.
Pharmacodynamics
Are drug products sold in a retail store or pharmacy which do not require a prescription or the approval of a medical, pharmacy or veterinary professional.
Over-the-counter (OTC) pharmaceuticals
Are bacterial and viral vaccines, antigens, antitoxins and analogous products, serums, plasmas and other blood derivatives for therapeutically protecting or treating humans and animals.
Biologics
Tablets that are solid but has to be liquified and taken as a liquid form
Effervescent (compressed) tablets
A dispersion of minute droplets of a liquid agent or a drug solution in another fluid, e.g., oil in water.
Emulsions
Is the study of metabolic processes relating to the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and elimination of a drug in humans or animals.
Pharmacokinetics
Drugs that can cross membranes easily and distributed throughout the body more promptly.
Lipophilic drugs
Direct stomach absorption
Liquid form
A mixture of small water-insoluble solid drug particles dispersed in water or other polar solvents.
Solutions and Suspensions
Drug release after exposure in wet environment
Dissolution
Are either solid (tablets) or liquid (solution) that passes through the GI tract.
Enteral or Oral Dosage Forms
Main drug metabolism occurs in this organelle
Smooth ER
Focused on the two effects of the drug based also on a given dose or drug concentration as to toxic effects or physiological therapeutic effect; what the drug does to the body is the most simple description.
Pharmacodynamics
Contain the active drug in the middle or core and protected by thick coat.
Coated tabs
Refers to a solution being administered over an extended period of time and must meet the same standards as solutions for injection.
Infusion
Is the art and science of preparing and dispensing drugs for preventing, diagnosing or treating diseases or disorders in humans and animals.
Pharmacy
A tablet that is ovoid shaped. It is thin-coated, where drug molecules are stored and released upon dissolution.
Caplet
The tranport mechanism that promotes drug elimination
Active transport
The time it takes for the amount of the drug to be reduced in 1/2 drug concentration
Plasma 1/2 life
Oblong shaped with a gelatinous film coat, the drug is contained within.
Capsule
Are biological and chemicals agents for preventing, diagnosing or treating disease and disorders in humans or animals. These products are dispensed by prescription or approval of a medical, pharmacy or veterinary professional.
Ethical pharmaceuticals
Drugs slowly breaks and capsules open
Disintegration
Enzymes involved in drug metabolism
Cytochrome p450s
The liquid drug that i snot designed for multiple use
Ampule
This process involves the hepatic enzymes that are capable of converting or degrading the drug from active form to its inactive form
Drug metabolite
These drugs bypasses the oral route and are often prepared in liquid or solutions and, less frequently, in crystalline suspension.
Parental drugs
Are either single or multiple uses, with the (drug) solution that is aspirated via a needle into a syringe
Ampules
Lattice design slow leach by GI fluids, release & absorption proceeds as it reaches intestinal route
Matrix tab
It is the passage of drug from its route of administration (oral or non-oral) into the general blood circulation.
Absorption
A disk-like form drug, smooth surface, formed by mechanical compression or compounded powder of active substance, filler, binder, and auxiliary materials or excipients
Solid drugs
Drug particle release in diffusive form can also vary
Liberation
Are active drug substances used to manufacture dosage- form products, process medicated animal feeds or compound prescription medications.
Bulks
Tablets contain the drug within a matrix (serving as compartments), once moistened, drug is released by diffusion.
Matrix tablets
Are inert ingredients which are combined with drug substances to create a dosage form product. Excipients may affect the rate of absorption, dissolution, metabolism and distribution in humans or animals.
Excipients
