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Pharmacology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

Historical Perspective of Pharmacology

1
Q

Drug classification: Acids / bases, steroids, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, dihydropyridines

A

Chemical structure

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2
Q

A bronchodilator and cough-reliever an active component in drugs for allergic coughing and colds

A

Epherdrine

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3
Q

Therapeutic Classification: Category I

A

Disease etiology (anti-pathogens, antimicrobials)

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4
Q

Is related to the phlegmatic or pessimistic disposition and the qualities of cold and moist.

A

Phlegm

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5
Q

“Drouge” is a French word that means

A

Dried herb

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6
Q

Malaria tratment

A

Quinine

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7
Q

What the drug does to the body

A

Pharmacodynamics (p-dynamics)

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8
Q

Federal Drug Classification: Evidence of fetal risk and abnormalities

A

Category X

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9
Q

Crude extracts from plant parts that are soaked in alcohol to make a solution that contains pharmacologically active constituents

A

Tincture

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10
Q

Is linked to the sanguine disposition or lively character and the qualities of hot and moist.

A

Blood

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11
Q

A person with a choleric outlook has qualities of hot and dry, his personality is governed by

A

Yellow bile

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12
Q

What plant contains Ephedrine?

A

Ma Huang plant

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13
Q

Polypharmaceutical approach

A

Taking a number and mixture of medications

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14
Q

Is the identification and preparation of crude drugs from natural sources.

A

Pharmacognosy

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15
Q

What did Paracelsus advocate?

A

Opposed Galen’s polypharmaceutical approach and instead promoted the single use of drug rather than mixtures

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16
Q

The compound name that describes the molecule using laws of organic chemistry; complex & atomic or molecular structure of drug

A

Chemical name

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17
Q

Isolation of histamine from pituitary gland extracts

A

John Jacob Abel

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18
Q

Arsephenamine

A

an arsenic compound he called ‘salvarsan’ could kill the agents of syphilis

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19
Q

Isolated from Nux vomica; used in lethal injection

A

Strychnine

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20
Q

A German bacteriologist and a Nobel laureate in medicine and physiology, specialized in hematology, immunology and chemotherapy. Known for staining and classifying white blood cells

A

Paul Ehrlich

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21
Q

He described the route of drugs are on the bloodstream

A

Dr. William Harvey

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22
Q

Food, Drugs & Devices, and Cosmetics Act.

A

R.A. 3720

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23
Q

Are chemical entities, both endogenous and foreign or exogenous that interacts with biological systems

A

Drugs

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24
Q

One who tests it for physiologic activity to identify a promising compound and documents the potential therapeutic effect.

A

Pharmacologist

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25
Q

Known to relate medicine and plant remedies for battle wounds

A

Greeks

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26
Q

Drug classification: Natural / synthetic (70% of drugs)

A

Origin of source

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27
Q

Squill (aka, rat poison) is used for:

A

Cardiostimulant

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28
Q

Therapeutic Classification: Category II

A

Specific disease processes (anti-histamine, anti-neoplastic cells)

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29
Q

Is the study of the interaction of drugs with living systems, also studies the effects of drugs and how they exert their effects

A

Pharmacology

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30
Q

May create/identify the candidate compound

A

Medicinal chemist

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31
Q

Federal Drug Classification: No evidence of risk

A

Category A

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32
Q

The isolation of active principle from tincture is called

A

Purification

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33
Q

Tests and investigates the promising compound.

A

Toxicologists, Microbiologists, Clinicians

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34
Q

A former student of John Jacob Abel who discovered cetylcholine (endogenous) from adrenal extracts

A

Reid Hunt

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35
Q

Those that link drugs to address illnesses with proper diagnosis and use of other medical advancements

A

Western Medicine

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36
Q

Isolated cocaine from coca plants

A

Friedrich Wöhler and Albert Niemann

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37
Q

For anti-fever and anti-malarial activities

A

Chang shan (from Dichroa febrifuga

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38
Q

Traditional Chinese Medicine practices

A
  • Herbal medicine
  • Acupunture
  • Cupping therapy (ventosa),
    -Gua sha
  • Massage (tui na),
  • Bonesetter (die-da),
  • Qigong
  • Diet
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39
Q

He isolated epinephrine (adrenaline) from adrenal gland extracts

A

John Jacob Abel

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40
Q

Our health is regarded to be affected by humors (humoral theory) of body fluids

A

Ancient Greece

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41
Q

Medical Act of 1957

A

R.A. 2382

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42
Q

His medical practice emphasized direct observation of patients and with medical translations also known as patient history.

A

Andreas Vesalius

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43
Q

The isolated, pure active component from natural products or tincture

A

Active principle

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44
Q

Leaves has alkaloid mitragynine, used for anthelminthic or antimicrobial activity; for diarrhea

A

Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom)

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45
Q

This has accepted medicinal culture with plants having phytomolecular structures of their bioactive compounds, prominently known as Oriental medicine

A

Pen tsao, Chinese medicine

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46
Q

Is an anti-mitotic agent and has profound effects on chromosomal arrests. Its drug can be used as an agent to control cancer cell growth

A

Colchicine

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47
Q

Believed to be the most ancient medicinal culture in Asia

A

Ayurvedic (Indian)

48
Q

Muscarine

A

Acetylcholine

49
Q

Is related to a melancholic disposition and the qualities of cold and dry

A

Black bile

50
Q

Mostly correlated diseases as possessed or conjured by evil spirits. Kings who died due to diseases were placed in canopic jars that their souls are watched over by their gods.

A

Egyptians

51
Q

The 4 body fluids are:

A

Blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm

52
Q

Prepared pure crystalline insulin

A

John Jacob Abel

53
Q

Pioneered antiseptic surgery and preventive medicine

A

Sir Jospeh Lister

54
Q

The Father of Pharmacology

A

Paracelsus

55
Q

What the body does to the drug (ADME)

A

Pharmacokinetics (p-kinetics)

56
Q

Stimulant

A

Caffeine

57
Q

Particular formulation by the manufacturer’s design; restricted to copyright holder

A

Brand name

58
Q

The Greek god or Greco-Roman god of medicine

A

Aesclepius

59
Q

Skull is opened to relieve the high intracranial pressure

A

Trephination

60
Q

Is centered on the body’s vital energy (qi) circulation and its channels or flow points are called meridians that is connected to the body organs and physiologic activities

A

The concept of Traditional Chinese Medicine

61
Q

Medical inscriptions from
plants phytoactive compounds and their effects or indications for ailments.

A

Pen Ts’ao

62
Q

Therapeutic Classification: Category IV

A

Non-specific manifestations (fever, vomiting, headache)

63
Q

The Founder of Modern Pharmacology (neopharmacology)

A

Oswald Schmiedeberg

64
Q

The isolated active principle prepared as ipecac syrup

A

Emetine

65
Q

Deep-seated desire for eternal life in a healthy body (Mummification)

A

Egyptians

66
Q

The Father of Medicine

A

Hippocrates

67
Q

All reaction must contain the ff info: name of the prescriber or physician, office address, PR# (license #), PTR# (tax receipt #), client name, age, sex & date of prescription (Rx).

A

Pharmacy Act (R.A. 5921)

68
Q

Therapeutic Classification: Category 0

A

Disease prevention (Vaccines)

69
Q

An act to promote, require & ensure the production of an adequate supply, distribution, use & acceptance of drugs and medicines identified by their (generic name) GN;

A

Generic Act of 1988 (R.A. 6675)

70
Q

Health is Beauty and Beauty is Health

A

Ancient Greece

71
Q

Experimental pharmacology still requires animal studies to further study the affect of drugs

A

Pre-clinical trials

72
Q

A disinfectant used as a surgical instrument to prevent fatal consequences

A

Carbolic acid or Phenol

73
Q

Drug classification: Vitamins, lipid-lowering agents

A

Physiologic use

74
Q

Licensed health profession in which pharmacists (medication experts, Pharm.D.) provide information regarding medication to patients and health care professionals.

A

Pharmacy

75
Q

What plant is considered as a cardiostimulant?

A

Digitalis plant

76
Q

The Father of Chinese Medicine, also stated the use of marijuana as treatment

A

Shen Nung

77
Q

Drug classification: Best classification

A

Therapeutic use

78
Q

What was used for pain (analgesic) during Ancient Greece?

A

Opium

79
Q

Cradle of Pharmacology

A

Ancient Egypt

80
Q

An astringent (dry, puckering feel, i.e., alum, relieves wounds (like incised or cut) by constriction and binds them; controls release of fluids from the body) and analgesic (pain-relievers) actions.

A

Tannins

81
Q

Drug classification: Replenish deficiencies in the body

A

Restoratives

82
Q

A French doctor and physiologist who discovered emetine with Pelletier

A

Francois Magendie

83
Q

He discovered curare (the arrow poison) acts at the neuromuscular junction to interrupt the stimulation of muscle by nerve impulses.

A

Claude Bernard

84
Q

Therapeutic Classification: Category III

A

Specific disease manifestations (anti-diarrheal, anti-hypertensive, hypoglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemia)

85
Q

Pedanius Dioscorides

A

Published the 1st Pharmacology named: De Materia Medica

86
Q

What plant is used for Indigestion?

A

Peppermint and caraway

87
Q

Fever tratment

A

Cinchonine

88
Q

Plants using their phytoactive compounds and even other drug sources to address illnesses and been used is called

A

Oriental Medicine

89
Q

Was also known to extract urea from inorganic sources

A

Friedrich Wöhler

90
Q

Federal Drug Classification: There are no animal reproduction studies & no adequate studies in human.

A

Category C

91
Q

The dye Trypan Red was effective against

A

Trypanosoma parasites

92
Q

Individual molecule belongs; official name; used as public domain

A

Generic name

93
Q

He successfully isolated and described opium’s (Papaver somniferum, poppy plant) chief narcotic active principle: morphine

A

Friedrich Wilhelm Serturner

94
Q

Childbirth fever in pregnant women is known as

A

Puerperal

95
Q

Drug classification: Anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive (HPN)

A

Function modifiers

96
Q

What plant is used for Constipation?

A

Senna pods and Castor oil

97
Q

Is a scientific discipline encompassing history, sources, physical & chemical properties of drugs including means in which drugs affect the biological systems.

A

Pharmacology

98
Q

Pioneered in the treatment of sepsis

A

Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis

99
Q

Failing health is a divine punishment from their gods and healing from illnesses is a gift from gods

A

Greeks

100
Q

Drug classification: Anti-microbial, anti-chemotherapeutic

A

Anti-pathogens

101
Q

Ebers papyrus, Edwin Smith papyrus, London papyrus

A

Egyptians

102
Q

He co-discovered emetine (Magendie); strychnine and colchicine (Caventou)

A

Pierre-Joseph Pelletier

103
Q

Is the study of poisonous aspects of drugs and antidotes

A

Toxicology

104
Q

Inscriptions (Rx) include “SwnW”

A

Imhotep

105
Q

Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972

A

R.A. 6425

106
Q

Federal Drug Classification: Animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus.

A

Category B

107
Q

Leaves has high nicotine (cholinergic) for relieving high intraocular pressure and promotes lacrimation and production of saliva.

A

Nicotiana rustica (Tobacco)

108
Q

In Ancient Greece the symbol of Medicine was:

A

A staff with a serpent around coiled it

109
Q

Therapeutic Classification: Category V

A

Non-therapeutic use (anesthetic)

110
Q

Is the application of chemical substances in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease, or additionally, the use of drugs for the intentional modification of normal physiological & biochemical function.

A

Therapeutics

111
Q

Roots are used for cathartic or laxative effect; skin ulcers; aphrodisiac activity; high atropine (anti-cholinergic) for autonomic nervous system (ANS) control

A

Podophyllum peltatum (Mandrake)

112
Q

Galen

A

A great Greek physician who introduced polypharmaceutical approach

113
Q

The snake around the staf in the symbol of Medicine is called

A

Aesculapian

114
Q

For psychoactivity; can alter state of consciousness

A

Nymphaea cerulea (Blue lily)

115
Q

Federal Drug Classificaton: Evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential benefits from the use of the drug in pregnant women maybe acceptable.

A

Category D

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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