Module 2 Flashcards
Historical Perspective of Pharmacology
Drug classification: Acids / bases, steroids, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, dihydropyridines
Chemical structure
A bronchodilator and cough-reliever an active component in drugs for allergic coughing and colds
Epherdrine
Therapeutic Classification: Category I
Disease etiology (anti-pathogens, antimicrobials)
Is related to the phlegmatic or pessimistic disposition and the qualities of cold and moist.
Phlegm
“Drouge” is a French word that means
Dried herb
Malaria tratment
Quinine
What the drug does to the body
Pharmacodynamics (p-dynamics)
Federal Drug Classification: Evidence of fetal risk and abnormalities
Category X
Crude extracts from plant parts that are soaked in alcohol to make a solution that contains pharmacologically active constituents
Tincture
Is linked to the sanguine disposition or lively character and the qualities of hot and moist.
Blood
A person with a choleric outlook has qualities of hot and dry, his personality is governed by
Yellow bile
What plant contains Ephedrine?
Ma Huang plant
Polypharmaceutical approach
Taking a number and mixture of medications
Is the identification and preparation of crude drugs from natural sources.
Pharmacognosy
What did Paracelsus advocate?
Opposed Galen’s polypharmaceutical approach and instead promoted the single use of drug rather than mixtures
The compound name that describes the molecule using laws of organic chemistry; complex & atomic or molecular structure of drug
Chemical name
Isolation of histamine from pituitary gland extracts
John Jacob Abel
Arsephenamine
an arsenic compound he called ‘salvarsan’ could kill the agents of syphilis
Isolated from Nux vomica; used in lethal injection
Strychnine
A German bacteriologist and a Nobel laureate in medicine and physiology, specialized in hematology, immunology and chemotherapy. Known for staining and classifying white blood cells
Paul Ehrlich
He described the route of drugs are on the bloodstream
Dr. William Harvey
Food, Drugs & Devices, and Cosmetics Act.
R.A. 3720
Are chemical entities, both endogenous and foreign or exogenous that interacts with biological systems
Drugs
One who tests it for physiologic activity to identify a promising compound and documents the potential therapeutic effect.
Pharmacologist
Known to relate medicine and plant remedies for battle wounds
Greeks
Drug classification: Natural / synthetic (70% of drugs)
Origin of source
Squill (aka, rat poison) is used for:
Cardiostimulant
Therapeutic Classification: Category II
Specific disease processes (anti-histamine, anti-neoplastic cells)
Is the study of the interaction of drugs with living systems, also studies the effects of drugs and how they exert their effects
Pharmacology
May create/identify the candidate compound
Medicinal chemist
Federal Drug Classification: No evidence of risk
Category A
The isolation of active principle from tincture is called
Purification
Tests and investigates the promising compound.
Toxicologists, Microbiologists, Clinicians
A former student of John Jacob Abel who discovered cetylcholine (endogenous) from adrenal extracts
Reid Hunt
Those that link drugs to address illnesses with proper diagnosis and use of other medical advancements
Western Medicine
Isolated cocaine from coca plants
Friedrich Wöhler and Albert Niemann
For anti-fever and anti-malarial activities
Chang shan (from Dichroa febrifuga
Traditional Chinese Medicine practices
- Herbal medicine
- Acupunture
- Cupping therapy (ventosa),
-Gua sha - Massage (tui na),
- Bonesetter (die-da),
- Qigong
- Diet
He isolated epinephrine (adrenaline) from adrenal gland extracts
John Jacob Abel
Our health is regarded to be affected by humors (humoral theory) of body fluids
Ancient Greece
Medical Act of 1957
R.A. 2382
His medical practice emphasized direct observation of patients and with medical translations also known as patient history.
Andreas Vesalius
The isolated, pure active component from natural products or tincture
Active principle
Leaves has alkaloid mitragynine, used for anthelminthic or antimicrobial activity; for diarrhea
Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom)
This has accepted medicinal culture with plants having phytomolecular structures of their bioactive compounds, prominently known as Oriental medicine
Pen tsao, Chinese medicine
Is an anti-mitotic agent and has profound effects on chromosomal arrests. Its drug can be used as an agent to control cancer cell growth
Colchicine
Believed to be the most ancient medicinal culture in Asia
Ayurvedic (Indian)
Muscarine
Acetylcholine
Is related to a melancholic disposition and the qualities of cold and dry
Black bile
Mostly correlated diseases as possessed or conjured by evil spirits. Kings who died due to diseases were placed in canopic jars that their souls are watched over by their gods.
Egyptians
The 4 body fluids are:
Blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm
Prepared pure crystalline insulin
John Jacob Abel
Pioneered antiseptic surgery and preventive medicine
Sir Jospeh Lister
The Father of Pharmacology
Paracelsus
What the body does to the drug (ADME)
Pharmacokinetics (p-kinetics)
Stimulant
Caffeine
Particular formulation by the manufacturer’s design; restricted to copyright holder
Brand name
The Greek god or Greco-Roman god of medicine
Aesclepius
Skull is opened to relieve the high intracranial pressure
Trephination
Is centered on the body’s vital energy (qi) circulation and its channels or flow points are called meridians that is connected to the body organs and physiologic activities
The concept of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Medical inscriptions from
plants phytoactive compounds and their effects or indications for ailments.
Pen Ts’ao
Therapeutic Classification: Category IV
Non-specific manifestations (fever, vomiting, headache)
The Founder of Modern Pharmacology (neopharmacology)
Oswald Schmiedeberg
The isolated active principle prepared as ipecac syrup
Emetine
Deep-seated desire for eternal life in a healthy body (Mummification)
Egyptians
The Father of Medicine
Hippocrates
All reaction must contain the ff info: name of the prescriber or physician, office address, PR# (license #), PTR# (tax receipt #), client name, age, sex & date of prescription (Rx).
Pharmacy Act (R.A. 5921)
Therapeutic Classification: Category 0
Disease prevention (Vaccines)
An act to promote, require & ensure the production of an adequate supply, distribution, use & acceptance of drugs and medicines identified by their (generic name) GN;
Generic Act of 1988 (R.A. 6675)
Health is Beauty and Beauty is Health
Ancient Greece
Experimental pharmacology still requires animal studies to further study the affect of drugs
Pre-clinical trials
A disinfectant used as a surgical instrument to prevent fatal consequences
Carbolic acid or Phenol
Drug classification: Vitamins, lipid-lowering agents
Physiologic use
Licensed health profession in which pharmacists (medication experts, Pharm.D.) provide information regarding medication to patients and health care professionals.
Pharmacy
What plant is considered as a cardiostimulant?
Digitalis plant
The Father of Chinese Medicine, also stated the use of marijuana as treatment
Shen Nung
Drug classification: Best classification
Therapeutic use
What was used for pain (analgesic) during Ancient Greece?
Opium
Cradle of Pharmacology
Ancient Egypt
An astringent (dry, puckering feel, i.e., alum, relieves wounds (like incised or cut) by constriction and binds them; controls release of fluids from the body) and analgesic (pain-relievers) actions.
Tannins
Drug classification: Replenish deficiencies in the body
Restoratives
A French doctor and physiologist who discovered emetine with Pelletier
Francois Magendie
He discovered curare (the arrow poison) acts at the neuromuscular junction to interrupt the stimulation of muscle by nerve impulses.
Claude Bernard
Therapeutic Classification: Category III
Specific disease manifestations (anti-diarrheal, anti-hypertensive, hypoglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemia)
Pedanius Dioscorides
Published the 1st Pharmacology named: De Materia Medica
What plant is used for Indigestion?
Peppermint and caraway
Fever tratment
Cinchonine
Plants using their phytoactive compounds and even other drug sources to address illnesses and been used is called
Oriental Medicine
Was also known to extract urea from inorganic sources
Friedrich Wöhler
Federal Drug Classification: There are no animal reproduction studies & no adequate studies in human.
Category C
The dye Trypan Red was effective against
Trypanosoma parasites
Individual molecule belongs; official name; used as public domain
Generic name
He successfully isolated and described opium’s (Papaver somniferum, poppy plant) chief narcotic active principle: morphine
Friedrich Wilhelm Serturner
Childbirth fever in pregnant women is known as
Puerperal
Drug classification: Anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive (HPN)
Function modifiers
What plant is used for Constipation?
Senna pods and Castor oil
Is a scientific discipline encompassing history, sources, physical & chemical properties of drugs including means in which drugs affect the biological systems.
Pharmacology
Pioneered in the treatment of sepsis
Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis
Failing health is a divine punishment from their gods and healing from illnesses is a gift from gods
Greeks
Drug classification: Anti-microbial, anti-chemotherapeutic
Anti-pathogens
Ebers papyrus, Edwin Smith papyrus, London papyrus
Egyptians
He co-discovered emetine (Magendie); strychnine and colchicine (Caventou)
Pierre-Joseph Pelletier
Is the study of poisonous aspects of drugs and antidotes
Toxicology
Inscriptions (Rx) include “SwnW”
Imhotep
Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972
R.A. 6425
Federal Drug Classification: Animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus.
Category B
Leaves has high nicotine (cholinergic) for relieving high intraocular pressure and promotes lacrimation and production of saliva.
Nicotiana rustica (Tobacco)
In Ancient Greece the symbol of Medicine was:
A staff with a serpent around coiled it
Therapeutic Classification: Category V
Non-therapeutic use (anesthetic)
Is the application of chemical substances in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease, or additionally, the use of drugs for the intentional modification of normal physiological & biochemical function.
Therapeutics
Roots are used for cathartic or laxative effect; skin ulcers; aphrodisiac activity; high atropine (anti-cholinergic) for autonomic nervous system (ANS) control
Podophyllum peltatum (Mandrake)
Galen
A great Greek physician who introduced polypharmaceutical approach
The snake around the staf in the symbol of Medicine is called
Aesculapian
For psychoactivity; can alter state of consciousness
Nymphaea cerulea (Blue lily)
Federal Drug Classificaton: Evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential benefits from the use of the drug in pregnant women maybe acceptable.
Category D
