Module 3

Question 1

what is regulation of respiration

Answer 1

purpose - to maintain normal levels of PO2 and PCO2 in arterial blood
* central controller (respiratory centre in brain)- brain stem, cerebral cortex
* sensors (chemical regulation) - chemoreceptors, pulmonary receptors
* effectors (mechanical regulation) - respiratory muscles

Question 2

managemet of asthma

Answer 2

treatment goals
* control symptom day to day/ preventing acute attacks
* maintaing the airway during an acute attack

prevention
* test peek expiratory flow rate
* avoid triggers

Question 3

clinical manifestations of asthma

Answer 3

• common cold
• chest pain
• sleep problems
• headache
• wheezing
• allergy
• cough
• fatigue

Question 4

pathophysiology of asthma

Answer 4

1. inital exposure to allergen
2. specific antibodies produced to attack allergen/ foregin substance
3. minimal symptoms
4. once produced, these specific antibodies will bind to mast cells within the lung tissues
5. re-exposure to allergen
6. IgE activated and causes the rupture of the mast cell
7. chemical reactions/ processes will occur

Question 5

what causes asthma?

Answer 5

• genetic
• environmental
• lifestyle
• thunderstorm asthma

Question 6

factors effecting the mechanics of ventilation

Answer 6

• alveolar surface tension and ventilation
• elastic properties of the lung and chest wall
• airway resistance
• work of breathing

Question 7

what is management of COPD

Answer 7

• reduce or eliminate risk factors
• vaccination
• pharmacological management
• long term therapy oxygen
• smoking replacement

Question 8

what are the symptoms/ signs of pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 8

• bluish lips or skin
• chest pain
• fluttering chest sensation
• short of breath
• fatigue or weakness
• tired
• dry coughing
• rapid weight gain
• abdo bloating
• swollen ankles or legs

Question 9

complications of COPD

Answer 9

• pulmonary hypertension
• heart failure
• osteoporosis

Question 10

clinical manifestations of COPD

Answer 10

• chronic cough
• wheezing
• chest tightness
• weight loss
• fatigue

Question 11

what are the risk factors and causes of COPD

Answer 11

• tabacco smoking
• genetic factors
• increasing age
• female gender
• pollution
• exposure to particles
• lower socioeconomic status

Question 12

adverse effects of leukotriene receptor antagonists

Answer 12

• headaches
• nausea
• dizziness
• insomnia
• gastric upset

Question 13

what are long acting B2 agonists

Answer 13

mechanism of action - long acting bronchodilator effects can last 12 hours

Question 14

what is long acting muscarine antagonist

Answer 14

mechanism of action - block the bronchoconstriction effect of acetlycholine on muscarinic receptors within the smooth muscles of the airway
* duration of action 12-24 hours
* controls symptoms of asthma and COPD

Question 15

what is short acting B2 adrenergic agonists

Answer 15

• they begin to take effect wihtin 5-15 minutes of being administered
• the adverse effects occur as a result of stimulation of B1 adrenergic receptors
• adverse effects can include tachycardia, palpitations and headaches

Question 16

what are preventative therapy for patients with asthma

Answer 16

• inhaled corticosteroids
• long acting beta 2 agonists
• leukotriene receptor antagonist

Question 17

adverse effects of prednisolone can include

Answer 17

• nasuea and increased blood glucose

Question 18

adverse effects of corticosteroids

Answer 18

ICS adverse effects
* thrush
* URTI
* hoareness

oral adverse effects
* headaches
* nausea
* dizziness
* insomnia

Question 19

what is the most commonly used short acting beta 2 agonist drug

Answer 19

salbutamol

Question 20

the use of SABA drugs will do what to the airway resistance

Answer 20

decrease

Question 21

what is the most common adverse effect of SABA drug is what?

Answer 21

tachycardia

Question 22

what has more adve rse effects bebtween oral corticosteroids and inhaled corticosteroids

Answer 22

oral corticosteroids

Question 23

adverse effects of prednisolone include what

Answer 23

• nausea and increased blood glucose

Question 24

what are preventative therapy drugs

Answer 24

• inhaled cortiocosteroids
• long acting beta 2 agonists
• leukotriene receptor antagonist

Question 25

which drug class does fluticasone belong to

Answer 25

corticosteroids

Question 26

what is COPD characterised by?

Answer 26

• destruction of lung parenchyma
• mucous hypersecretion
• gas trapping in the smaller airways

Question 27

asthma is characterised by what?

Answer 27

• mucous hypersecretion
• reversible bronchoconstriction
• oedema of the airways

Question 28

respiratory rate and depth are controlled by what?

Answer 28

• apneustic and pneumotaxic centres in the pons

Question 29

what is a prevention and treatment of pneumonia?

Answer 29

• antibiotics
• physiotherapy
• pneumococcal vaccination