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BIO208 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

actin

A

protein that makes up most of the thin myofilaments in a sarcomere muscle fiber

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2
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber

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3
Q

articulation

A

where 2 bones surfaces meet

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4
Q

bone

A

hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton

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5
Q

canaliculi (singular=canaliculus)

A

channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients

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6
Q

cardiac muscle

A

heart muscle, under involuntary control, composed of striated cells that attach to form fibers, each cell contains a single nucleus, contracts autonomously

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7
Q

cartilage

A

semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support movement

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8
Q

central canal

A

longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal

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9
Q

chondrocytes

A

cells of the cartilage

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10
Q

collagen fiber

A

flexible, fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength

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11
Q

connective tissue

A

type of tissue that serves to hold in place, connect, and integrate the body’s organs and systems

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12
Q

contractility

A

the ability to shorten/contract forcibly

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13
Q

compact bone

A

dense, osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces

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14
Q

diaphysis

A

tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone

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15
Q

elasticity

A

ability to stretch and rebound

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16
Q

elastic cartilage

A

type of cartilage, with elastin as the major protein, characterized by rigid support and elasticity

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17
Q

elastic fiber

A

fibrous protein within connective tissue that contains a high percentage of the protein elastin that allows the fibers to stretch and return to original size

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18
Q

endochondral ossification

A

process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

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19
Q

endosteum

A

delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity

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20
Q

epimysium

A

outer layer of connective tissue around a skeletal muscle

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21
Q

epiphyseal line

A

completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate

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22
Q

epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

A

sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length

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23
Q

epiphysis

A

wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow

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24
Q

extensibility

A

the ability to lengthen/extend

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25
Q

fibroblast

A

most abundant cell type in connective tissue, secretes protein fibers and matrix into the extracellular space

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26
Q

fibrocartilage

A

tough form of cartilage, made of thick bundles of collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate ground substance

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27
Q

flat bone

A

thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs

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28
Q

fluid connective tissue

A

specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins

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29
Q

histology

A

microscopic study of tissue architecture, organization, and function

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30
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most common type of cartilage, smooth and made of short collagen fibers embedded in a chondroitin sulfate ground substance

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31
Q

hypercalcemia

A

condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium

32
Q

hypocalcemia

A

condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium

33
Q

lacunae (singular=lacuna)

A

small spaces in bone or cartilage tissue that cells occupy

34
Q

long bone

A

cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever

35
Q

loose connective tissue (areolar tissue)

A

type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix

36
Q

matrix

A

extracellular material which is produced by the cells embedded in it, containing ground substance and fibers

37
Q

mesenchymal cell

A

adult stem cell from which most connective tissue cells are derived

38
Q

modeling

A

process, during bone growth, by which bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another

39
Q

muscle tissue

A

type of tissue that is capable of contracting and generating tension in response to stimulation; produces movement

40
Q

myoblast

A

muscle-forming stem cell

41
Q

myofibril

A

long, cylindrical organelle that runs parallel within muscle fibers and contains the sarcomeres

42
Q

myosin

A

protein that makes up most of the thick cylindrical myofilament within a sarcomere muscle fiber

43
Q

nervous tissue

A

type of tissue that is capable of sending and receiving impulses through electrochemical signals

44
Q

nutrient foramen

A

small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment

45
Q

osseous tissue

A

bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton

46
Q

ossification (osteogenesis)

A

bone formation

47
Q

ossification center

A

cluster of osteoblasts found in the early stages of intramembranous ossification

48
Q

osteoblast

A

cell responsible for forming new bone

49
Q

osteoclast

A

cell responsible for resorbing bone

50
Q

osteocyte

A

primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix

51
Q

osteogenic cell

A

undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts

52
Q

osteoid

A

uncalcified bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts

53
Q

osteon (Haversian system)

A

basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix

54
Q

periosteum

A

fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments

55
Q

perimysium

A

connective tissue that bundles skeletal muscle fibers into fascicles within a skeletal muscle

56
Q

primary ossification center

A

region deep in the periosteal collar, where bone development starts during endochondral ossification

57
Q

projection

A

bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach

58
Q

red marrow

A

connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place

59
Q

remodeling

A

process by which osteoclasts resorb old or damaged bone at the same time as and on the same surface where osteoblasts form new bone to replace that which is resorbed

60
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber

61
Q

sarcomere

A

longitudinally repeating functional unit of skeletal muscle, with all of the contractile and associated proteins involved in contraction

62
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of a muscle cell

63
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which stores, releases, and retrieves Ca2+

64
Q

secondary ossification center

A

region of bone development in the epiphyses

65
Q

skeletal muscle

A

usually attached to bone, under voluntary control, each cell is a fiber that is multinucleated and striated

66
Q

skeletal system

A

organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for movement, support, and protection

67
Q

smooth muscle

A

under involuntary control, moves internal organs, cells contain a single nucleus, are spindle-shaped and do not appear striated; each cell is a fiber

68
Q

spongy bone (cancellous bone)

A

trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution

69
Q

striation

A

alignment of parallel actin and myosin filaments which form a banded pattern

70
Q

supportive connective tissue

A

type of connective tissue that provides strength to the body and protects soft tissue

71
Q

thick filament

A

the think myosin strands and their multiple heads projecting from the center of the sarcomere toward, but not all the way to the Z-discs

72
Q

thin filament

A

thin strands of actin and its troponin-tropomyosin complex projecting from the Z-discs toward the center of the sarcomere

73
Q

tissue

A

group of cells that are similar in form and perform related functions

74
Q

trabeculae (singular=trabecula)

A

spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone

75
Q

yellow marrow

A

connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where fat is stored

76
Q

zone of calcified matrix

A

region of the epiphyseal plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis

BIO208 (5 decks)

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