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BIO208 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

actin

A

protein that makes up most of the thin myofilaments in a sarcomere muscle fiber

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2
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber

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3
Q

articulation

A

where 2 bones surfaces meet

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4
Q

bone

A

hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton

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5
Q

canaliculi (singular=canaliculus)

A

channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients

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6
Q

cardiac muscle

A

heart muscle, under involuntary control, composed of striated cells that attach to form fibers, each cell contains a single nucleus, contracts autonomously

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7
Q

cartilage

A

semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support movement

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8
Q

central canal

A

longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal

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9
Q

chondrocytes

A

cells of the cartilage

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10
Q

collagen fiber

A

flexible, fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength

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11
Q

connective tissue

A

type of tissue that serves to hold in place, connect, and integrate the body’s organs and systems

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12
Q

contractility

A

the ability to shorten/contract forcibly

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13
Q

compact bone

A

dense, osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces

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14
Q

diaphysis

A

tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone

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15
Q

elasticity

A

ability to stretch and rebound

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16
Q

elastic cartilage

A

type of cartilage, with elastin as the major protein, characterized by rigid support and elasticity

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17
Q

elastic fiber

A

fibrous protein within connective tissue that contains a high percentage of the protein elastin that allows the fibers to stretch and return to original size

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18
Q

endochondral ossification

A

process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

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19
Q

endosteum

A

delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity

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20
Q

epimysium

A

outer layer of connective tissue around a skeletal muscle

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21
Q

epiphyseal line

A

completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate

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22
Q

epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

A

sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length

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23
Q

epiphysis

A

wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow

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24
Q

extensibility

A

the ability to lengthen/extend

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25
fibroblast
most abundant cell type in connective tissue, secretes protein fibers and matrix into the extracellular space
26
fibrocartilage
tough form of cartilage, made of thick bundles of collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate ground substance
27
flat bone
thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs
28
fluid connective tissue
specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins
29
histology
microscopic study of tissue architecture, organization, and function
30
hyaline cartilage
most common type of cartilage, smooth and made of short collagen fibers embedded in a chondroitin sulfate ground substance
31
hypercalcemia
condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium
32
hypocalcemia
condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium
33
lacunae (singular=lacuna)
small spaces in bone or cartilage tissue that cells occupy
34
long bone
cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever
35
loose connective tissue (areolar tissue)
type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix
36
matrix
extracellular material which is produced by the cells embedded in it, containing ground substance and fibers
37
mesenchymal cell
adult stem cell from which most connective tissue cells are derived
38
modeling
process, during bone growth, by which bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another
39
muscle tissue
type of tissue that is capable of contracting and generating tension in response to stimulation; produces movement
40
myoblast
muscle-forming stem cell
41
myofibril
long, cylindrical organelle that runs parallel within muscle fibers and contains the sarcomeres
42
myosin
protein that makes up most of the thick cylindrical myofilament within a sarcomere muscle fiber
43
nervous tissue
type of tissue that is capable of sending and receiving impulses through electrochemical signals
44
nutrient foramen
small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment
45
osseous tissue
bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton
46
ossification (osteogenesis)
bone formation
47
ossification center
cluster of osteoblasts found in the early stages of intramembranous ossification
48
osteoblast
cell responsible for forming new bone
49
osteoclast
cell responsible for resorbing bone
50
osteocyte
primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix
51
osteogenic cell
undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts
52
osteoid
uncalcified bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
53
osteon (Haversian system)
basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix
54
periosteum
fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments
55
perimysium
connective tissue that bundles skeletal muscle fibers into fascicles within a skeletal muscle
56
primary ossification center
region deep in the periosteal collar, where bone development starts during endochondral ossification
57
projection
bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach
58
red marrow
connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place
59
remodeling
process by which osteoclasts resorb old or damaged bone at the same time as and on the same surface where osteoblasts form new bone to replace that which is resorbed
60
sarcolemma
plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber
61
sarcomere
longitudinally repeating functional unit of skeletal muscle, with all of the contractile and associated proteins involved in contraction
62
sarcoplasm
cytoplasm of a muscle cell
63
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which stores, releases, and retrieves Ca2+
64
secondary ossification center
region of bone development in the epiphyses
65
skeletal muscle
usually attached to bone, under voluntary control, each cell is a fiber that is multinucleated and striated
66
skeletal system
organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for movement, support, and protection
67
smooth muscle
under involuntary control, moves internal organs, cells contain a single nucleus, are spindle-shaped and do not appear striated; each cell is a fiber
68
spongy bone (cancellous bone)
trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution
69
striation
alignment of parallel actin and myosin filaments which form a banded pattern
70
supportive connective tissue
type of connective tissue that provides strength to the body and protects soft tissue
71
thick filament
the think myosin strands and their multiple heads projecting from the center of the sarcomere toward, but not all the way to the Z-discs
72
thin filament
thin strands of actin and its troponin-tropomyosin complex projecting from the Z-discs toward the center of the sarcomere
73
tissue
group of cells that are similar in form and perform related functions
74
trabeculae (singular=trabecula)
spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone
75
yellow marrow
connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where fat is stored
76
zone of calcified matrix
region of the epiphyseal plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis

BIO208 (5 decks)

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