Module 3 Flashcards
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is “a smaller (but hopefully representative) collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population” (Field, 2005)
sample
Why sample?
- Resources (time, money) and workload
- Gives results with known accuracy that can be calculated mathematically
is the list from which the potential respondents are drawn
sampling frame
3 factors that influence sample representativeness:
- Sampling procedure
- Sample size
- Participation (response)
When might you sample the entire population?
- When your population is very small
- When you have extensive resources
- When you don’t expect a very high response
Researchers take a sample of the population and use the data from the sample to draw conclusions about the population as a whole.
GENERALIZATION
These are different methods researchers can potentially use to obtain individuals to be in a sample
sampling methods
The first class of sampling methods is known as ______ _____ methods because every member in a population has an equal probability of being selected to be in the sample.
probability sampling methods
Every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to be in the sample. Randomly select members through the use of a random number generator or some means of random selection.
Simple random sampling
Split a population into clusters. Randomly select some of the clusters and include all members from those clusters in the sample.
Cluster random sample
Split a population into groups. Randomly select some members from each group to be in the sample.
Stratified random sample
Put every member of a population into some order. Choosing a random starting point and select every nth member to be in the sample.
Systematic random sample
True or False
Stratified random samples are usually representative of the population we’re interested in since every member has an equal chance of being included in the sample.
False
Simple random samples are usually representative of the population we’re interested in since every member has an equal chance of being included in the sample.
True or False
Simple random samples ensure that members from each group in the population are included in the survey.
False
Stratified random samples ensure that members from each group in the population are included in the survey.
True or False
Cluster random samples get every member from some of the groups, which is useful when each group is reflective of the population as a whole.
True
True or False
Systematic random samples are usually representative of the population we’re interested in since every member has an equal chance of being included in the sample.
True
Another class of sampling methods wherein not every member in a population has an equal probability of being selected to be in the sample.
Non-probability Sampling Methods
True or False
Non-probability sampling method is sometimes used because it’s much cheaper and more convenient compared to probability sampling methods.
True
True or False
Non-probability sampling method is often used during exploratory analysis when researchers simply want to gain an initial understanding of a population.
True
True or False
The samples that result from non-probability sampling methods cannot be used to draw inferences about the populations they came from because they typically are representative samples.
False
The samples that result from non-probability sampling methods cannot be used to draw inferences about the populations they came from because they typically aren’t representative samples.
Choose members of a population that are readily available to be included in the sample.
Convenience sample
A researcher puts out a request for volunteers to be included in a study and members of a population voluntarily decide to be included in the sample or not.
Voluntary response sample
Researchers recruit initial subjects to be in a study and then ask those initial subjects to recruit additional subjects to be in the study.
Snowball sample
Researchers recruit individuals based on who they think will be most useful based on the purpose of their study.
Purposive sample
True or False
In convenience sample, location and time of day will affect the results. More than likely, the sample will suffer from undercoverage bias since certain people (e.g. those who work during the day) will not be represented as much in the sample.
True
True or False
In voluntary sample, people who voluntarily respond will likely have weaker opinions (positive or negative) than the rest of the population, which makes them an unrepresentative sample. Using this sampling method, the sample is likely to suffer from nonresponse bias – certain groups of people are simply less likely to provide responses.
False
People who voluntarily respond will likely have stronger opinions (positive or negative) than the rest of the population, which makes them an unrepresentative sample. Using this sampling method, the sample is likely to suffer from nonresponse bias – certain groups of people are simply less likely to provide responses.
True or False
In snowball sample, sampling bias is likely to occur. Because initial subjects recruit additional subjects, it’s likely that many of the subjects will share similar traits or characteristics that might be unrepresentative of the larger population under study. Thus, findings from the sample can’t be extrapolated to the population.
True
True or False
In purposive sample, the individuals in the sample are unlikely to be representative of the overall population. Thus, findings from the sample can’t be extrapolated to the population.
True
_________ imposes restrictions on the researcher’s choice of samples. Here, the researcher is limited to the selection of samples
Controlled quota sampling
________ does not impose any restrictions on the researcher’s choice of samples. Here, the researcher chooses sample members at will.
Uncontrolled quota sampling
What are the Non-Probability Sampling methods?
Convenience sample
Voluntary response sample
Snowball sample
Purposive sample
Quota Sampling
What are the Probability Sampling methods?
Simple random sample
Stratified random sample
Cluster random sample
Systematic random sample
Variable that cannot be manipulated
Independent variable
Variable that can be manipulated
Dependent variable
True or False
Probability and non-probability sampling methods can be combined because they cannot serve their own purpose.
False
Cannot be combined as non-probability sampling method is bias or has a criteria
