Module 2 Flashcards by Alyanna Alih

_______ is a complete set of individuals or objects that possess some common characteristic of interest to the researcher.

Population

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________ is made up of the group of people or objects to which the researcher wishes to generalize the findings of a study.

Target population

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________ are also called the universe

Target population

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________ is that group that is actually available for study by the researcher.

Accessible population

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True or False
In accessible population, population does always mean a human is always the subject of the study.

False

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Identify if it is Target or Accessible population

Female psychiatric nurses and their length of experiences vary from 1 to 10 years.

Accessible population

It is specific than target population

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Identify if it is Target or Accessible population

Psychiatric nurses regardless of their work experience in a selected hospital.

Target population

It is generalize compared to accessible population

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True or False

In knowing the difference between a purpose of the study and problem statement, a purpose of the study furnishes “why” a study is being conducted.

True

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True or False

In knowing the difference between a purpose of the study and problem statement, a problem statement establishes “what” will be studied

True

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True or False

A clear and justified purpose of the study must be explicitly presented, this is usually the basis for the approval of a research project.

True

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Identify which one is the Problem Statement and Purpose of the study

“To develop a better understanding of the difficulties experienced by women after a loss of a body part that is closely associated with their feminine identity.”

“Body image and Self-esteem Levels of Women undergone Mastectomy.”

Problem statement: “Body image and Self-esteem Levels of Women undergone Mastectomy.”

Purpose: To develop a better understanding of the difficulties experienced by women after a loss of a body part that is closely associated with their feminine identity.

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It identifies the study limitations and weaknesses

Limitations of the Study

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__________ are uncontrolled variables that may affect the result of the study and limit the generalizability of the findings.

Limitations of the Study

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__________ are variables over which the researcher either has no control or chooses not to exercise control.

Extraneous variables

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True or False

The researcher should openly acknowledge the limitations of the study before data collection.

True

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True or False

Limitations may not occur while the study is in progress (such as subject withdrawal and malfunction of equipments)

False

limitations may occur while the study is in progress (such as subject withdrawal and malfunction of equipments)

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True or False

Extraneous variable must be taken into consideration when the conclusions of the study are formulated and recommendations are made for future research.

True

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True or False

When conducting research, it should build on previous knowledge.

True

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True or False

Before starting a Quantitative study, it is optional to determine what is known in the study topic.

False

Before starting a Quantitative study, it is important to determine what is known in the study topic.

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Literature sources can be located in ______ _____ _____, ______, _______, and _______-_____ searches

library card catalog, indexes, abstracts, and computer-assisted searches

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True or False

Limitation of the study it helps develop a theoretical or conceptual framework for a study.

False

Review of related literature also helps develop a theoretical or conceptual framework for a study.

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Purpose of Review of Related Literature

Research problem identification
Research framework
Methodology
Research instrument

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Categories of references

1.Local/foreign literature APA format
2.Local/foreign studies

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Locating Relevant Literature for Research Review

Library
Primary/secondary sources
Print sources
Electronic sources

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______ is a word picture or mental idea of a phenomenon

Concept

______ are words or terms that symbolize some aspect of reality.

Concept

______ it may be very concrete, such as the concept of human heart

Concept

______ it may be very abstract, such as the concept of LOVE

Concept

_______ is the term used to indicate a phenomenon that cannot be directly observed but must be inferred by certain concrete or less abstract indicators of the phenomenon.

Construct Examples: Wellness, Self-awareness, Self-esteem and Emotional quotient

________ is a statement or assertion of the relationship between concepts.

Proposition

______ derived from theories or from generalization based on empirical data (based on testing).

Proposition

_______ may indicate the relationship between concepts.

Proposition

________ is a set of interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting the phenomena

Theory

It explain why event is associated with another event or what causes an event to occur

Theory

________ are composed of concepts and the relationships between these concepts

Theory

_______ are always speculative in nature and are never considered to be true or proven

Theory

_________ is a symbolic representation of some phenomenon or phenomena

Model

__________ states that virtually all relationships in data can be examined. It states that virtually all relationships in data can be examined.

Hypothesis Testing

__________ is the way of determining the probability that an obtained sample statistic will occur, given a hypothetical population parameter.

Statistical Hypothesis Testing

__________ specifies that the nature of the relationship the researcher thinks exist in the population.

Research Hypothesis Testing

_________ states your expectations concerning the relationship between the variables in your research problem.

Hypothesis Test

_______ a testable statement of a potential relationship between two or more variables.

Hypothesis Test

- statistically, it becomes the evidence on why and how the decision was made over the problem tested.

Hypothesis Test

Purpose, Functions, and Importance of Hypotheses

1. They help the researcher in designing his study : what methods , research instruments , sampling design , and statistical treatments to use , what data to gather , analyze , interpret on the study. 2. They serve as the basis for determining assumptions. 3. They serve as basis in determining the relevance of the data. 4. They serve as the basis for the explanation or discussion about the data gathered. 5. They help the researcher in consolidating his findings and in formulating his conclusions.

Guidelines in the Formulation of Hypothesis

1. In experimental investigations, hypothesis have to be explicit , they have to be expressed as well as in comparative and correlational studies. 2. In descriptive and historical investigation, hypothesis are seldom express if not entirely absent. 3. Hypothesis are usually stated in the null form because testing a null hypothesis is easier than a hypothesis in the operational form. 4. Hypothesis is formulated from the specific question upon which they are based.

Types/Classifications of Hypothesis

1. Simple hypothesis 2. Complex hypothesis

_______ states the relationship between one independent and one dependent variable

Simple hypothesis

________ states the relationship where two or more independent variables, two or more dependent variables, or both, are being examined in the same study

Complex hypothesis

True or False Hypothesis is not required if only one variable is being examined.

True

assumes that no relationship exists between two variables, and it is the null hypothesis that is subjected to statistical analysis.

Null Hypothesis (Hο)

states the expected relationship between variables

Research hypothesis or Alternative hypothesis (H₁)

True or False Hypothesis should be stated before gathering of data, this will be the basis in rejecting or accepting the hypothesis.

False Level of significance should be stated before gathering of data, this will be the basis in rejecting or accepting the hypothesis.

it merely predicts that a relationship exists.

Non-directional research hypothesis

it further predicts the type of relationship

Directional hypothesis

Hypothesis Criteria

* should be written in a declarative sentence * should be written in present tense * it should contains the population * it should contains the variables * should reflect the problem statement * should be empirically testable

are conducted when little is known about the phenomenon of interest. Usually it is in Qualitative research.

Exploratory studies

Research designs

Exploratory studies Descriptive studies Explanatory studies

phenomena are described or the relationship between variables is examined.

Descriptive studies

search for causal explanations and are much more rigorous than exploratory or descriptive studies. It is usually experimental

Explanatory studies

_____ it is involve with the cause and effect relationships.

Experimental Research

It is involve in the manipulation or control of the independent variables (cause) and measurement of dependent variables (effect)

Experimental Research

True or False Controls is easy to apply especially if it is done with human beings

False Controls are difficult to apply especially if it is done with human beings

Validity of Experimental Designs

-CONTROL OF EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES that may influence study results -CONTROL OF THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY that may influence the dependent variables other than the independent variables. -CONTROL OF THREATS TO EXTERNAL VALIDITY that may affect the degree to which study results can be generalized to other people and other settings.

Threats to Internal Validity

 Selection bias  History  Maturation  Testing  Instrumentation change  Mortality

it occurs when study results are attributed to the experimental treatment or the researcher’s manipulation of the independent variable when, in fact, the results are due to subject differences before the independent variable was manipulated.

Selection bias

occurs when some event other than the experimental treatment occurs during the course of a study, and this event influences the dependent variables.

History

becomes a threat when changes that occur within the subjects during an experimental study influence the study results.

Maturation

the testing threat may occur in studies where a pretest is given or where subjects have knowledge of baseline data.

Testing

involves the difference between the pretest and posttest measurement caused by a change in the accuracy of the instrument rather than as a result of the experimental treatment

Instrumentation change

occurs when the subject dropout rate is different between the experimental and comparison groups.

 Mortality

Threats to External Validity

 Hawthorne Effect  Experimenter Effect  Rosenthal Effect  Reactive Effects of the Pretest (measurement effect)

________ occurs when the participants respond in a certain manner because they are aware that they are being observed.

Hawthorne Effect

is a threat to study results that occurs when researcher characteristics or behaviors influence subject behaviors. (Usually discussed only in experimental research)

Experimenter Effect

_______ – is used to indicate the influence of an interviewer on respondents’ answers - it has been shown that researcher characteristics such as gender, dress, and type of jewelry may influence respondents’ answers to questions. (Usually discussed in non experimental research)

Rosenthal Effect

occurs when subjects have been sensitized to the treatment through taking the pretest.

Reactive Effects of the Pretest (measurement effect)

Types of Experimental Designs

1. True Experimental Designs 2. Quasi-experimental Designs

these types of design gives the researchers some confidence that the independent variable was the cause of the change in the dependent variable.

True Experimental Designs

Three criteria for a True Experimental designs:

1. The researcher manipulates the experimental variable(s). 2. At least one experimental and one comparison group are included in the study. 3. Subjects are randomly assigned to either the experimental or the comparison group.

- the subjects are randomly assigned to groups - a pretest is given to both groups - the experimental group receives the experimental treatment and the comparison group receives the routine treatment or no treatment - a posttest is given to both groups.

Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design

– are those in which there is either no comparison group or subjects are not randomly assigned to groups.

Quasi-experimental Designs

is similar to the pretest-posttest control group design except that there is no random assignment of subjects to the experimental and comparison groups

Nonequivalent Control Group Design

the researcher periodically observes or measures the subjects.

o Time series Design

True or False In time series design, the experimental treatment is administered between two of the observations.

True

is descriptive in nature because there is no manipulation or control of variables and the researcher can only describe the phenomenon as it exists.

Non-experimental Research

Types of Non-Experimental Research

Survey studies Correlational Studies

are investigations in which self-report data are collected from samples with the purpose of describing populations on some variable or variables of interest. Ex. Psychiatric nurses’ self-awareness

Survey studies

the researchers examines the strength of relationships between variables by determining how changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable.

Correlational studies

indicates the magnitude and direction of the relationship between two variables.

Correlation coefficient

means that as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable increases

Positive relationship

inverse relationship, means that as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable decreases.

Negative relationship

examines the differences between intact groups on some dependent variable of interest.

Comparative Studies

Classifications of Comparative Studies

o Retrospective Studies (ex post facto) o Prospective Studies

the dependent variable (effect) is identified in the present (a disease condition, for example), and an attempt is made to determine the independent variable (cause of the disease) that occurred in the past.

Retrospective Studies (ex post facto)

the independent variable or presumed cause (for example, family history of schizophrenia) is identified at the present time, and then subjects are followed in the future to observe the dependent variable (incidence of schizophrenia in the family)

Prospective Studies

are concerned with the development, testing, and evaluation of research instruments and methods.

Methodological Studies

focuses on gaining insight and understanding about an individual’s perception of events

Qualitative research

Who defined qualitative research attempts to obtain rich, real, deep and valid data, aims for hard, replicable and reliable data?

(Porter, 1989)

is concerned with in-depth descriptions of people or events, and data are collected through unstructured interviews and participant observation.

Qualitative research

Types of Qualitative Research

Phenomenological Studies Ethnographic Studies Grounded Theory Studies Historical Studies

examine human experiences through the descriptions that are provided by the people involved. (Lived experiences)

Phenomenological Studies

involve the collection and analysis of data about cultural groups

Ethnographic Studies

Who wrote that ethnography means “learning from people?

Cameron (1990)

Who described ethnographic studies as the systematic process of observing, detailing, describing, documenting, and analyzing the life ways or particular patterns of a culture (or subculture) in order to grasp the life ways or patterns of the people in their familiar environment?

Leininger (1985)

are studies in which data are collected and analyzed and then a theory is developed that is grounded in the data

Grounded Theory Studies

it concern the identification, location, evaluation, and synthesis of data from the past.

Historical Studies

Two types of Evaluation of Historical Research

External criticism Internal criticism

is concerned with the authenticity or genuineness of the data.

External criticism

examines the accuracy of data.

Internal criticism

are in-depth examinations of people or groups of people

Case Studies