Module 3 Flashcards
What are the four types of tissues?
Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissues
What is the function of connective tissue?
It binds the cells and organs of the body together and functions in the protection, support, and integration of all parts of the body.
What are the three major types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal (voluntary) muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.
Describe the muscle tissue.
Muscle tissue is excitable, responding to stimulating and contracting to provide movement.
Describe the nervous tissue.
Nervous tissue is excitable, allowing the propagation of electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses that communicate between different regions in the body.
What are the three germ layers from which all the tissues eventually form? Differentiate between the three.
Ectoderm -outer
Mesoderm - middle
Endoderm - inner
Where is the nervous tissue, and muscle tissue derived from?
Nervous tissue - ectoderm
Muscle tissue - mesoderm
What is a tissue membrane?
A tissue membrane is a thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body, the organs, internal passageways that lead to the exterior of the body and the lining of the movable joint cavities.
What are the two parts of a long bone?
Diaphysis and epiphysis
What is diaphysis?
The tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
What is the hollow region in the diaphysis called? What is it filled with?
Medullar cavity; with yellow marrow
The walls of the diaphysis are composed of what?
dense and hard compact bone
What is the epiphysis? What is it filled with?
The wider section at each end of the bone. It is filled with spongy bone.
What fills the spaces in the spongy bone?
Red marrow
Where does each epiphysis meet the diaphysis?
At the metaphysis
What is metaphysis?
The narrow area that contains the epiphyseal plate (growth plate), a layer of hyaline (transparent) cartilage in a growing bone.
What happens when the bone stops growing in early adulthood (approximately 18-21 years)?
The cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue and the epiphyseal plate becomes an epiphyseal line.
What is the delicate membranous lining that a medullary cavity has? What takes place in this?
Endosteum, this is where bone growth, repair and remodelling occur.
What is the outer surface of the bone covered with? What does it contain?
A fibrous membrane called the periosteum, which contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish the compact bone.
The periosteum covers the entire outer surface except for what? What is it covered with?
Except where the epiphyses meet other bones to form joints. In this region, the epiphyses are covered with articular cartilage.
What is the articular cartilage?
A thin layer of cartilage that reduces frictions and acts a shock absorber.
What is the diploe?
a layer of spongy bone lined on either side by a layer of compact bone that flat bones consist of.
What is the function of the two layers of compact bone and the interior sponge?
They work together to protect the internal organs.
What happens to the outer layer of a cranial bone if it fractures?
The brain is still protected by the intact inner layer (like spongy bone).
What are the three general classes of bone markings?
Articulations, projections, and holes.
What is an articulation?
This is where two bone surfaces come together.
What is a projection?
An area of a bone that projects above the surface of the bone; these are the attachment points for tendons and ligaments.
What is a hole (bone marking)?
An opening or groove in the bone that allows blood vessels and nerves to enter the bone.
What is the function of hydroxyapatite crystals and collagen fibres?
The hydroxyapatite crystals give bones their hardness and strength, while the collagen fibres give them the flexibility so that they are not brittle.
What ae the four types of cells found within bone tissue?
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes and osteogenic cells.
Which of the two types of bone tissue is denser and stronger?
Compact bone
Where can you find compact bone?
It can be found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support nd protection.
What is the microscopic unit of compact bone called?
Osteon or Haversian system
What is lamellae?
Concentric rings of calcified matric that each osteon is composed of.
What is the central canal or Haversian canal?
Center of each osteon which contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.