Module 2 Flashcards
What are the levels of the organization of the body?
Tissue, organ, organ system, and organism
What is the function of the skeletal system?
Supports the body, and enables movement (with muscular system)
What is the function of the muscular system?
Enables movement and helps maintain body temperature
What is the function of the nervous system?
detects and processes sensory information and activates bodily responses
What is homeostasis?
State of steady internal conditions maintained by living things.
What is the body’s largest organ system?
Integumentary system
Differentiate between anabolism and catabolism.
Anabolism is the process whereby smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances while catabolism is the process by which larger, more complex substances are broken down into smaller, simpler molecules.
Which type of metabolism consumes energy?
Anabolism
Which type of metabolism releases energy?
Catabolism
What is metabolism?
It is the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body.
What is the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments?
Responsiveness
What is development?
All of the changes the body goes through in life.
Development includes the process of differentiation. What is differentiation?
It is the process in which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body.
What is the increase in body size?
Growth
What is reproduction?
It is the formation of a new organism from parent organisms.
What is a substance in foods and beverages that is essential to human survival?
Nutrient
What are the three basic classes of nutrients?
Water, the energy-yielding and body-building nutrients, and micronutrients.
Give examples of micronutrients.
Vitamins and minerals
What is the most critical nutrient?
Water
Give examples of energy-yielding nutrients.
Carbohydrates and lipids
Give an example of body-building nutrients.
Protein
Where can the breakdown products of carbohydrates and lipids be used?
In the metabolic processes that convert them to ATP
Why are water and energy-yielding nutrients referred to as macronutrients?
Because the body needs them in large amounts.
What is one of the body’s responses to heat?
Sweating.
How does sweat cool the body?
As sweat evaporates from skin, it removes some thermal energy from the body, cooling it.
Why is the sweat response much less effective in a humid environment?
Because the air is already saturated with water, thus, the sweat on the skin’s surface is not able to evaporate.
What is one response to cold? What is it?
Shivering, which is a random muscle movement that generates heat
Aside from shivering, what is another body response to cold?
Increased breakdown of stored energy to generate heat
What happens when the energy reserve is depleted or emptied?
Red blood cells will lose their ability to give up oxygen, denying the brain of this critical components of ATP production.
Lack of oxygen due to coldness can result in?
Confusion, lethargy, and eventually loss of consciousness and death
How does the body respond to cold?
By reducing blood circulation to the extremities like hands and feet.
What happens when tissues in the fingers and toes are exposed to severe cold?
They can develop frostbite
What is hypothermia?
Abnormally low body temperature
Where is controlled hypothermia often used?
During open-heart surgery, it decreases the metabolic needs of the brain, heart and other organs, reducing the risk of damage to them.
What is atmospheric pressure?
It is the pressure exerted by the mixture of gases in the Earth’s atmosphere.
What does atmospheric pressure does to your body?
It keeps gases within your body, such as the gaseous nitrogen in body fluids, dissolved. Also, the ability to breathe depends upon precise atmospheric pressure.
The atmosphere at high altitudes exerts less pressure which can result in?
Shortness of breath, confusion, headache, lethargy, and nausea.
What is decompression sickness?
A condition in which gasses dissolved in the body or in other body tissues are no longer dissolved following a reduction in pressure on the body.
Why does blood have to be at a dynamic pressure?
Blood pressure must be great enough to enable blood to reach all body tissues and yet low enough to ensure that the delicate blood vessels can withstand the friction and force of the pulsating flow of pressurized blood.
What is negative feedback?
A mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point
What are the three basic components of negative feedback?
Sensor (receptor), control center, and effector.
What is the function of a sensor, control center and effector?
A sensor or receptor monitors a physiological value. The control center compares the value to the normal range. An effector causes a change to reverse the situation and return to the normal range.
In order to set the system in motion, what must the stimulus do?
A stimulus must drive a physiological parameter beyond its normal range (that is, beyond homeostasis).
What happens in negative feedback when body temperature falls?
Blood vessels constrict so that heat is conserved. Sweat glands do not secrete fluid. Shivering generates heat, which warms the body. Then, heat is retained.
What happens in negative feedback when body temperature rises?
Blood vessels dilate, resulting in heat loss to the environment. Sweat glands secrete fluid. As the fluid evaporates, heat is lost from the body.
How is positive feedback different from negative feedback?
It intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reversing it.
What are the two examples of positive feedback loops that are normal but are activated only when needed?
Childbirth and response to blood loss
What makes childbirth a positive feedback loop?
Nerve impulses from the cervix are transmitted to the brain. The brain stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin. Oxytocin is carried in the bloodstream to the uterus. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes the baby toward the cervix. The head of the baby pushes against the cervix. Then repeat.
How does the body respond to blood loss?
By releasing substances in the injured blood vessel wall that begin the process of blood clotting. As each step of the clotting occurs, it stimulates the release of more clotting substances. This accelerates the processes of clotting and sealing off the damaged area.
Describe a prone and a supine orientation.
Prone - body lying down, face down
Supine - body lying down, face up
What is the difference between superficial and deep?
Superficial - closer to the surface of the body.
Deep - farther from the surface of the body.
What is the largest cavity in the body?
Abdominopelvic cavity
What is the function of a serous membrane?
Serous membrane lines the pericardial cavity and reflects back to cover the heart.
What are the three serous membranes and their associated cavities?
Pleura - encloses the pleural cavity
Pericardium - encloses pericardial cavity
Peritoneum - encloses the peritoneal cavity
What do the serous membrane form and why is it important?
Serous membranes form fluid-filled sacs or cavities and they cushion and reduce friction on internal organs when they move.
