Module #3

Question 1

Independent Variable

Answer 1

variable that typically manipulated by the researcher. plotted on the x-axis of a graph

Question 2

Dependent Variable

Answer 2

measure/observed variable. plotted on the y-axis of a graph. outcome of interest selected by the researcher

Question 3

Control Variable

Answer 3

variables that are held constant (controlled) by the researcher

Question 4

Confounding Variable

Answer 4

a variable, other than the independent variable, that may have an affect on the dependent variable

Question 5

Intervening Variable

Answer 5

a conceptual variable. difficult to define/measure

Question 6

Validity

Answer 6

the extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure

Question 7

Internal Validity

Answer 7

the degree in which a study established a cause and effect relationship

Question 8

External Validity

Answer 8

whether casual relationships can be generalized to different measures, persons, settings, and times

Question 9

Basic Research

Answer 9

conducted to increase the base knowledge and understanding of the physical, chemical, and functional mechanisms of life processes and disease

Question 10

Applied Research

Answer 10

involves the application of existing knowledge, much of which is obtained through basic research, to solve a practical problem

Question 11

Clinical Research

Answer 11

a patient-oriented research with human subjects

Question 12

Traditional Research

Answer 12

a part of a unidirectional continuum in which research findings are moved from the researcher’s bench to the patient’s bedside and to the community

Question 13

Observational Research. (Quantitative)

Answer 13

researchers do not attempt to influence/manipulate participants or the surroundings

Question 14

Experimental Research. (Quantitative)

Answer 14

a manipulated study

Question 15

Quasi-Experimental Research. (Quantitative)

Answer 15

one or more key aspects of experimental designs are missing

Question 16

Cross-Sectional

Answer 16

participants are observed at one point in time. data/measurement are collected at once. outcome: single measure, prevalence of disease/events

Question 17

Longitudinal

Answer 17

participants are observed over time. data/measurements are collected multiple times. outcome: change over times provides indication of incidence of disease

Question 18

Prevalence

Answer 18

refers to the total number for individuals in a population who have a disease or health condition at a specific period of time, usually expressed as a percentage

Question 19

Incidence

Answer 19

refers to the number of individuals who develop a specific disease or experience a specific health-related event during a particular time period

Question 20

Cohort Study. (Observational)

Answer 20

participants are selected based on a population (cohort) of interest

Question 21

Case-Control Study. (Observational)

Answer 21

participants are selected based on an outcome of interests

Question 22

Ecological Studies. (Observational)

Answer 22

people observed on a community, group or provincial/state level rather than individually

Question 23

Prospective. (Cohort Studies)

Answer 23

determine exposure status (at beginning or over the course of the study)

Question 24

Retrospective. (Cohort Studies)

Answer 24

determine exposure status (some point in past)

Question 25

Absolute Risk

Answer 25

the actual risk of some event happening given the current exposure. AR = number of events / number of people in group

Question 26

Relative Risk

Answer 26

the relative risk of developing lung cancer (event) in smokers (exposed group) versus non-smokers (non-exposed group). probability for smokers / probability for non-smokers

Question 27

Odd Ratios

Answer 27

a measure of how strongly an event is associated with exposure. a ratio of two sets of odds