MODULE 2B: MAPPING METHODOLOGIES AND INTRODUCTION TO GIS Flashcards
Spatial data collection and utilization methodologies
- Surveying
- Remote Sensing
- Global positioning systems (GPS)
- Digital globes
- VGI and Participatory GIS
- Geographic Information System (GIS)
- Geographic Information System (GIS)
Spatial data methodologies: Science of accurate measurement of natural and human-made features on the Earth (used for highly precise maps)
Surveying
Spatial data methodologies: Science of obtaining information about objects or areas from a distance, typically from satellites (imagery) or aircrafts and now, drones
Remote Sensing
Spatial data methodologies: A satellite network that communicates with GPS receivers accessed by mobile users.
Global positioning systems (GPS)
Spatial data methodologies: 3-dimensional representations of the Earth in high-resolution format (highly interactive)
Digital globes
Spatial data methodologies: the harnessing of tools to create, assemble, and disseminate geographic data provided voluntarily by individuals
VGI and Participatory GIS
Spatial data methodologies: Computer system used by people capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information (USGS)
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Field of research that studies the theory and concepts that underpin GIS
Geographic Information Science (GIS Science)
One of the founders of modern epidemiology due to his work in tracing the source of cholera outbreak in London
John Snow
Computerized handling of geographical information from two independent organizations:
- Harvard laboratory for computer graphics
- Canadian GIS (CGIS)
- Coined the term GIS
- A.k.a Father of GIS
Roger Tomlinson
History: Individual personalities determined the course of GIS
Early 1960s (Pioneering Phase)
1970s (Second Phase)
- Increase in experimentation and practice fostered by national agencies
- Duplication of effort was common
- Advancements in computing power and a growing recognition of environmental issues
1980s (Third Phase)
- Commercial dominance
- Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) launched ArcInfo
Late 1990s (Fourth Phase/Current)
- User dominance
- Facilitated by competition among vendors
- Start of the standardization of GIS on open systems
- OpenGIS
- As desktop PCs became more powerful and user-friendly
GIS Milestones in the Philippines: 1974
- Started at the National Resource Management Center (NRMC)
- Computerized Land Assessment and Planning System – introduced by Synergistic Consultants Inc., first prototype GIS model
GIS Milestones in the Philippines: 1978
Image 100 Interactive Multispectral Image Analyzer System from the US was used
GIS Milestones in the Philippines: 1982
Arc/Info was introduced through the First Philippines GIS Workshop held
GIS Milestones in the Philippines: 1990-1994
The PH-Australia RS Project started
Components of GIS
1.Software
2. Data Input
3. Methods/Procedures
4. People
5. Hardware
Types of representation of geographic objects
- Analog
- Digital
Paper Maps
Analog
- Raster data model
- Vector data model
Digital
Must be converted into a suitable digital format
Input
Data types need to be transformed or manipulated in some way to be compatible with your system
Manipulation
An organized, integrated collection of data stored ready for use for various applications
Database
Provides both simple query capabilities and sophisticated analysis tools to provide timely information to managers and analysts alike
Query and Analysis
Examples of Query and Analysis
- Visualization
- Overlay
- Proximity
Tool for analysis and as an end-product of most geographic operations
Visualization
Used to combine the characteristics of several datasets into one
Overlay
What is near what can be answered (e.g. buffering)
Proximity
GIS Data Types
- Vector Data
- Raster Data
- Point, Line, Area
Data Type: Represents geographic space by exact x and y coordinates
Vector Data
Data Type: Represents geographic space by dividing it into a matrix of identically-sized cells
Raster Data
Data Type: features can be measured at the nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio levels
Point, Line, Area data
Some applications of GIS
- Land Use Planning
- Natural Resources Conservation Biodiversity Mapping
- Hazard Mapping
- Flood Modeling
- Tourism
- Tax Mapping
- Remote Sensing
- Land cover Mapping
- Digital Terrain Models
Types of GIS Software
- Free and Open Source
- Commercial
GIS Software: Types of Free and Open Source
- QGIS
- GRASS
- MapWindow
- Google Earth
GIS Software: Types of Commercial
- ArcGIS
- IDRISI
- ERDAS
- ENVI
- eCognition