Module 27

Question 1

Absorptive State
(First Metabolic State)

Answer 1

After a meal the body converts excessive nutrients into glycogen and fat storage

Question 2

Postabsorptive State
(Second Metabolic State)

Answer 2

Body breaks down glycogen and fat storage to provide energy for cells

Question 3

What cells release insulin and where are they located?

Answer 3

Beta cells which are located in the pancreas.

Question 4

Alpha Cells

Answer 4

Release the hormone glucagon which signals the breakdown of glycogen when the blood sugar levels are low.

Question 5

Type I Diabetes

Answer 5

Immune system attacks beta cells, decreasing insulin production. Treatment includes taking synthetic insulin.

Question 6

Type II Diabetes

Answer 6

Insulin receptor is less sensitive

Question 7

Hyperglycemia

Answer 7

Characterized early by excess glucose in urine, polyuria, excessive thirst.

Question 8

What happens if diabetes progresses?

Question 9

Energy Balance

Answer 9

energy input (food) = energy use (cellular work) + heat

Question 10

Metabolism

Answer 10

All chemical reactions that are occurring in the body

Question 11

How is energy stored in the body?

Answer 11

1. Glycogen stored in the liver and skeletal muscles
2. Triglycerides stored in liver and adipose tissue

Question 12

What hormone controls glycogenesis and lipogenesis?

Answer 12

Insulin
Helps store excess energy from meals as glycogen/fat for later use.

Question 13

How is energy used?

Answer 13

Cellular respiration in cells

Question 14

What is glycogenolysis and lipolysis?

Answer 14

Break down of fat and glycogen storage for energy use.
The hormone glucagon drives this process.

Question 15

What type of hormones are insulin and glucagon?

Answer 15

Peptide hormones released by the pancreas

Question 16

What type of glands release insulin and glucagon?

Answer 16

Endocrine glands because these hormones travel in the blood stream (inside the body).

Question 17

Beta for Breakfast

Answer 17

After eating breakfast beta cells release the hormone insulin to activate energy storage.

Question 18

Alpha for Afternoon hunger

Answer 18

Alpha cells release the hormone glucagon to breakdown energy storages.

Question 19

What parts of the body do not need insulin?

Answer 19

1. Brain
2. Liver
3. Exercise Muscles

Question 20

What are the steps to decrease blood sugar?

Answer 20

1. Meal is eaten and presence of food in the digestive tract and absorption of glucose triggers release of protein hormone insulin from the beta cells in the pancreas.
2. Insulin travels in the blood stream to cell receptors
3. Insulin receptors are activated by insulin causing the release/synthesis of glucose transporters into the membrane. (GLU4 transporters)
4. Insulin is brought into the cells to be used as energy
5. Blood sugar levels decrease

Question 21

What are the steps to increase blood sugar?

Answer 21

1. A meal has not been eaten for a while and blood sugar levels are low.
2. Glucagon a peptide hormone is released from alpha cells into the bloodstream
3. Glucagon initiates the breakdown of fat in adipose tissue and the breakdown of glycogen in the liver.
4. Glucagon also causes the formation of energy from amino acids, glycerol, and lactate.
5. Blood sugar levels increase

Question 22

Why does diabetes lead to excess urine and dehydration?

Answer 22

(glucose re-absorption hits a maximum afterwards excess urine is released.
1. Excess glucose in the kidney filtrate increases the osmolarity.
2. More water flows into the filtrate and you pee more (polyuria)