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TCEP MODULE 2 > Module 2.2 > Flashcards

Module 2.2 Flashcards

1
Q

=knowledge of drugs or pharmaceuticals

A

Pharmacognosy

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2
Q

Pharmacognosy derived from the Greek word

A

“pharmakon” = drug
“gignosco” = knowledge

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3
Q

Pharmacognosy It was first coined/used by__ manuscript “__” published in Vienna __

A

Lehrbuch der Materia Medica

1811

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4
Q

Pharmacognosy Introduced by __ in Haale - Saale,
Germany __ in a work entitled “___

A

Che.Aenotheus Seydler,

1815

“Analecta Pharmacognostica

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5
Q

Pharmacognosy Embraces a knowledge of the

A

◼ History
◼ Distribution
◼ Cultivation
◼ Collection
◼ Selection
◼ Preparation

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6
Q

CLAY TABLETS

A

Babylonians

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7
Q

PAPER SCROLLS

A

Egyptians

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8
Q

stated a comprehensive scope of Pharmacognosy
as “a simultaneous application of various scientific
disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge
of drugs from every point of view”

A

Flükiger

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9
Q

defined as an applied science that deals with the
biologic, biochemical and economic features of
natural drugs that originate from plants and animal
kingdoms.

A

Flükiger

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10
Q

Egyptian medical papyrus of herbal knowledge.

A

Ebers papyrus (1550 BC)

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11
Q

oldest and most important medical papyri of ancient
Egypt
purchased at Luxor (Thebes) in the winter of 1873–74 by
Georg Ebers.

A

Ebers papyrus (1550 BC)

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12
Q

Contents of Ebers papyrus (1550 BC)

A

HEMLOCK, ACONITE, OPIUM
HAO

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13
Q

The oldest surviving complete medical system in the
world.

A

Ayurveda (2500 B.C)

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14
Q

Derived from its ancient Sanskrit __
___. – comprehensive outlook to
a healthy life,

A

‘ayur’ (life) and ‘ved’ (knowledge)

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15
Q

comprehensive outlook to
a healthy life,

A

Ayurveda (2500 B.C)

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16
Q

He prepared famous oath for physicians, which is still taken by the physicians.

A

Hippocrates

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17
Q

He is known as father of medicine.

A

Hippocrates

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18
Q

A Greek physician who wrote his “De Materia Medica” in 78 A.D
which he described about 600 plants that was known to have
medicinal properties (EBACO)

A

Dioscorides (1st century A.D)

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19
Q

Contents of de materia medica

A

EBACO
ALOE, BELLADONNA, COLCHICUM, ERGOT, OPIUM

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20
Q

A Greek pharmacist-physician who lived in Rome who described
the method of preparing formulas containing animal and plant drug

A

Galen (131-200 A.D)

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21
Q

Joseph Caventou

A

Joseph Caventou Quinine and
Caffeine

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22
Q

Pierre Robiquet

A

Pierre Robiquet Codeine

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23
Q

Sertuner

A

Morphine

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24
Q

Rudolf Brandes

A

Hyoscyamine and Noscapine

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25
Q

Rudolf Brandes and Philipp Geiger

A

Atropine

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26
Q

Johannes Buchner

A

Salicin, Nicotine

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27
Q

Carl Koller

A

Cocaine

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28
Q

Albert Hoffman

A

LSD

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29
Q

Medicinal materials
It is synonymous with the substances and products
derived from natural sources and employed by
physicians in the old days

A

Materia Medica:

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30
Q

Are substances whether natural or synthetic, having
therapeutic or medicinal properties and chiefly used
as medicines or an ingredients in medicines

A

drugs

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31
Q

plants that grow in their native countries

A

Indigenous plant

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32
Q

Plants that are grown in a foreign land or in a
locality other than their native home

A

Naturalized plants-

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33
Q

Are whole plants and animals and anatomical parts

A

Crude drugs

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33
Q

Have not undergone any process or treatment other than
collection and drying

A

Crude drugs

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34
Q

Are substances or mixture of substances present in crude drugs
which are separated by various means and are employed in a more specific manner

A

Derivatives or Extractives

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35
Q

Chief principles/constituents

A

Derivatives or Extractives

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35
Q

Extraction Processes:

A

● Assay
● Boiling/Decoction
● Percolation
● Maceration

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36
Q

Alternative to Process
A (EXTRACTION ALTERNATIVE)

A

PROCESS E –

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37
Q

Marc

A

SOLID
PART;
TO BE
DISCARDED

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38
Q

Menstruum

A

LIQUID PART;
CONTAINS THE
ACTIVE
CONSTITUENTS

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39
Q

Solid ingredients are placed in a stoppered
container with the prescribed solvent and
allowed to stand for a period of at least 3 days
in a warm place with frequent agitation

A

Maceration
“soaking”

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40
Q

Maceration with gentle heat

A

Digestion

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41
Q

Use of percolator - slow passage of suitable
solvent through a column of drug

A

Percolation

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42
Q

Boiling in water for 15 minutes

A

Decoction

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43
Q

Maceration in hot or cold water

A

Infusion

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44
Q

Alcohol:

A

resin

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45
Q

Acetone:

A

chlorophyll

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46
Q

Acetic acid:

A

solanin

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47
Q

Hot benzene:

A

chrysarobin

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48
Q

Hexane:

A

fats

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49
Q

Drugs are evaluated by various methods:

A

Organoleptic Evaluation
Microscopic Evaluation
Physical Evaluation
Instrumental Evaluation
Chemical Evaluation –

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50
Q

Makes use of 5 senses (e.g: Color, odor,
taste, sound of materials)

A

Organoleptic Evaluation

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51
Q

– Makes use of microscopic details

A

Microscopic Evaluation

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52
Q

Makes use of Physical Constant (e.g: Specific
gravity, boiling point, refractive index)

A

Physical Evaluation

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53
Q

Makes use of instrument such as
Chromatography / Spectroscopy to determine specific functional
group of natural drugs

A

Instrumental Evaluation

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54
Q

Makes use of Test reagents for chemical
synthesis to identify chemical constituent of natural products

A

Chemical Evaluation –

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55
Q

Determine the effectiveness of the plant
constituent to biological being

A

Biological Evaluation –

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56
Q

Preparation of Drugs for the Commercial Market

A

◼ Collection
◼ Drying
◼ Garbling
◼ Packaging, Storage and Preservation

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57
Q

(small scale)
A process of collecting plants properly in accordance with time of harvesting
and proper handling

A

Collection:

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58
Q

Collection:
Flowers –
Barks –
Root crops –

A

EXAMPLES:
Flowers – at dawn
Barks – between spring and summer
Root crops – when upper parts are withered

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59
Q

Pectin –
Unripe fruits -
Just ripe -
Overripe -

A

Pectin – citrus fruits
Unripe fruits - protopectin
Just ripe - pectin
Overripe - pectic acid

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60
Q

Marijuana Young leaves -
Mature leaves -

A

Marijuana Young leaves - cannabidiol
Mature leaves - cannabinol (THC)

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61
Q

Example of harvesting process

Manual:

*Mechanical

A

Manual: coffee, digitalis, berries
* Mechanical: apples, oranges

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62
Q

Removes sufficient moisture
(prevent enzyme actions, molds and bacterial growth)

A

Drying:

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63
Q

Fixes the constituents

A

Drying:

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64
Q

Drying:
Facilitates __ and _ =

A

Facilitates grinding and milling = POWDERIZED

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65
Q

Converts to more convenient form for commercial handling

A

Drying:

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66
Q

Special drying process that enhances the properties of the active
constituents

A

Curing:

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67
Q

Curing: Examples
Cascara sagrada – _

Vanilla – __

A

Cascara sagrada – soak in Magnesium oxide for 1 year

Vanilla – pods turn from green to red due to its curing process known as sweating
which releases volatile oil

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68
Q

Vanilla – pods turn from green to red due to its curing process known as

A

Sweating

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69
Q

Final step in preparation of a crude drug

A

Garbling:

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70
Q

Removal of extraneous matter (dirt,
adulterants)

A

Garbling:

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71
Q

May increase drug weight, reduce active constituents and subject to
enzymatic activities

A

Moisture sensitive drugs

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72
Q

Simplest method: Expose to temperature of 65°C

A

Protection of drugs against attacks by insects and other form of destruction

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73
Q
A

Light sensitive drugs

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74
Q

Commerce in Crude Drug
Packaging, Storage, Preservation

A

Moisture sensitive drugs
Protection of drugs against attacks by insects and other form of destruction

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75
Q

Protection of drugs against attacks by insects and other form of destruction

A

Simplest method: Expose to temperature of 65°C
* Use of Methyl bromide (fumigant)
*Add drop of chloroform or CCl4

76
Q
  • Warehouse should be dark, cool and well ventilated with dry air
A

Light sensitive drugs

77
Q

Should be stored in light resistant containers: covered metal bins,
amber bottle, tin cans

A

Light sensitive drugs

78
Q

Plant Classification
Vegetable drugs can be arranged for the study
under the following

A

*Alphabetical
*Morphological
*Taxonomical
*Pharmacological/Therapeutics
*Chemical

79
Q

Either Latin or vernacular name may be used

A

Alphabetical:

80
Q

This arrangement is employed in dictionaries,
pharmacopoeias, etc.

A

Alphabetical:

81
Q

Although suitable for quick reference it gives no
indication of inter-relationships between drugs

A

Alphabetical:

82
Q

Drugs are arranged according to their morphological or external
characteristics of the plant part or animal part

A

Morphological:

83
Q

Which part of the plant is used as drug

A

Morphological:

84
Q

Morphological
Leaves ()
Flowers ()
Seeds
Rhizomes and roots ()

A

Leaves (Digitalis, Senna, Belladonna)
Flowers (Clove, Saffron)
Seeds (linseed)
Rhizomes and roots (Ginseng, Rauwolfia)

85
Q

Drugs are arranged to the plants from which they are obtained,
kingdom, subkingdom, division, class, order, family, genus and
species

A

Taxonomic: PHYLOGENY

86
Q

Types of subclass
Taxonomic: PHYLOGENY

A

Dicotyledonae (Dicots) – plants with two seed leaves
Monocotyldenae (Monocots) plans with one seed leaf

87
Q

Types of class
Taxonomic: PHYLOGENY

A

Angiospermae (Angiosperm)- plants that produce
flower
Gymnospermae (Gymnosperm)- plants that do not
produce flower

88
Q

plants that produce
flower

A

Angiospermae (Angiosperm)

89
Q

plants that do not
produce flower

A

Gymnospermae (Gymnosperm)

90
Q

plants with two seed leaves

A

Dicotyledonae (Dicots) –

91
Q

plans with one seed leaf

A

Monocotyldenae (Monocots)

92
Q

Plants with many botanical features in common

A

Family

93
Q

Names end in –aceae

A

Family

94
Q

Divided which group of plants within the family that have
some significant botanical differences

A

Subfamily

95
Q

Part of the plant name that is most familiar
Ex: Arachis (peanut); Papaver (Poppy)

A

Genus

96
Q

Grouping of drugs according to pharmacological
action of their most important constituent of their
therapeutic use

A

Pharmacological / Therapeutic:

97
Q

Plant Classification

A

Alphabetical
Morphological
Taxonomic: PHYLOGENY
Pharmacological / Therapeutic:
Chemical:

98
Q

Pharmacological / Therapeutic:
Drugs acting in Gastrointestinal Tract

A

Emetic – Ipecac
Laxative – agar, isabgol,
Purgative- senna, castor oil

99
Q

Crude drugs are classified depending upon the active constituent

A

Chemical:

100
Q

Plant Classification: Chemical example

Alkaloids-
Glycosides-
Carbohydrates-
Volatile oil-
Resins-
Tannins-
Lipids-

A

Alkaloids- Cinchona, Datura, Vinca
Glycosides- Senna, Aloe, Ginseng, Digitalis
Carbohydrates- Acacia, Starch, isabgol,
Volatile oil- Clove, Coriander,
Resins- Tolu, Balsam
Tannins- Catechu, tea
Lipids- Beeswax, Lanolin

101
Q

Obtained from direct parts of the plants and
containing cellular tissues

A

Organized drug

102
Q

obtained from plants by physical processes such
as incision, drying or extraction and does not
contain cellular tissues

A

Unorganized drug

103
Q

Unorganized drug example
Unorganized drug
Latex–
Dried juice –
extract –
Waxes –
Gums–
Resins–
Volatile oils–
Fats & Fixed oils –

A

Unorganized drug
Latex– Opium, Papain
Dried juice – Aloe,Kino
Dried extract – Agar, Alginate, Pectin
Waxes – Beeswax, Spermaceti, carnauba wax
Gums– Acacia, Guar gum, Indian gum,
Resins– Asafoetida, Benzoin, Colophony
Volatile oils– Eucalyptus, Camphor, Clove
Fats & Fixed oils – Castor, Arachis, Coconut

104
Q

organized drug Example
Leaves – ,
Barks –
Flower –
Fruits –
Seeds –
Roots –

A

Leaves – Digitalis, Senna, Tea, Belladona, Spearmint
Barks – Cassia, Cinchona, Cinnamon, Kurchi, Cascara
Flower – Clove, Saffron, Chammomile
Fruits – Capsicum, Lemon peel, Tamarind
Seeds – Psyllium, Biter almond, Nutmeg
Roots – Ipecac, Ginger, Ginseng, Rauwolfia

105
Q

cause chemical changes
in the preparation

A

Pharmaceutically active

106
Q

responsible for the
therapeutic activity

A

Pharmacologically active

107
Q

no definite pharmacologic
activity

A

Inert constituents

108
Q

extracted, crystallized
and purified; presence of inert matter which may
modify or prevent absorbability or potency of AC

A

Secondary plant substance

109
Q

substitution of a crude drug, in whole or in part, with similarly
looking substance which has lesser or no therapeutic property

A

ADULTERATION

110
Q

Forms of Adulteration

A

Sophistication
Admixture
Substitution
Deterioration
Spoilage
Inferiority

111
Q

Poison hemlock is aka

A

Coniin

111
Q

Galenicals is aka

A

Galen serate
Cold cream
Petrolatum rose water ointment

112
Q

Stone of immortality acc. to paracelsus

A

Opium

113
Q

Paracelsus is aka

A

Philippus Aurelius Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim

114
Q

Old term for doctors

A

Shammans

115
Q

Beautiful lady is aka

A

Belladona

116
Q

Standard opium analgesic

A

Morphine

117
Q

Pregnant mares

A

Estrogen

118
Q

Stage of development

A

Ontogeny

119
Q

Mot potent or active in marijuana

A

Cannabinol or Tetrahydrocannabinol THC

120
Q

It is not potent but fragile

A

Berries

121
Q

Laxative and extremely bitter

A

Cascara sagrada

122
Q

Not standard stepin preparation of crude drugs but optional if the plant has dirt

A

Garbling

123
Q

USP method for preparing syrup

A

Percolation

124
Q

Interrelation among organisms

A

Taxonomic/ phylogeny

125
Q
  • milk left after separation of cream
A

SKIMMED MILK-

126
Q

It yields fructose and galactose upon hydrolysis

A

Lactulose

127
Q

● Bacteria in the colon metabolize the disaccharide
to acetic acid and lactic acid, and sufficient
accumulation of these irritating acids cause a
laxative effect

A

Lactulose

128
Q

Lactulose
produced by the __ of
lactose

A

ALKALINE rearrangement

129
Q

Oligosaccharides examples

A

RAFFINOSE
MALTOTRIOSE
SUCRALOSE
GENTIANOSE

130
Q

● Several glucose units (>10)

A

Polysaccharides

131
Q

Polysaccharides function

A

storage and structure

132
Q

Differentiate homoglycan and heteroglycan

A

HOMOGLYCANS
1 component
Starch
Glycogen
Inulin
Cellulose

HETEROGLYCAN
2 or more component
Gums
Mucilage

133
Q

1st local anesthetic

A

Cocaine

134
Q

● Produced by the ALKALINE rearrangement of
lactose

A

Lactulose

135
Q

Brand name of lactulose

A

Duphalac

136
Q

What is sophistication?

A

Intentional addition of other components.

137
Q

What is admixture?

A

Unintentional addition of other components.

138
Q

What is substitution?

A

Entire replacement of a component.

139
Q

What is deterioration?

A

Destruction by extremes in the processing of the drug.

140
Q

What is spoilage?

A

Deterioration due to bacterial or fungal growth.

141
Q

What does inferiority active constituent mean?

A

Is below the minimum standard.

142
Q

Carbohydrates Polyhydroxy compounds with

A

Aldehyde or ketone

143
Q

*When milk is allowed to stand a few
hours, the fat globules will rise to the top

A

CREAM/BUTTER

144
Q
  • 1st products of Photosynthesis (Glucose)
A

Carbohydrates

145
Q
  • The most abundant organic molecules in nature
A

Carbohydrates

146
Q
  • skimmed milk with rennin (treatment of rennin)
A

COAGULUM

147
Q
    • proper treatment of coagulum
A

CHEESE

148
Q
    • liquid separated from coagulum contains LACTOSE and INORGANIC salts
A

WHEY

149
Q

Gal + Glu + Fru

A

RAFFINOSE

150
Q

MALTOTRIOSE components

A

Glu + Glu + Glu

151
Q

SUCRALOSE components

A

Glu + Fru + Gal

152
Q

GENTIANOSE

A

Glu + Glu + Fru

153
Q

RAFFINOSE

A

Gal + Glu + Fru

154
Q

MALTOTRIOSE

A

Glu + Glu + Glu

155
Q

SUCRALOSE

A

Glu + Fru + Gal

156
Q

GENTIANOSE

A

Glu + Glu + Fru

157
Q

Storage polysaccharide in plants

A

Starch

158
Q

Uses of starch

A

Uses:
● tablet filler, binder, and disintegrant
● antidote for iodine poisoning (starch suspension)
● permanent reserved food material in plants

159
Q

Starch polymers

A

Amylose and amylopectin

160
Q

Differentiate amylose and amylopectin

A

Amylose
Consists of 250-300 glucose
units
Linear component
Linked by alpha 1,4 bonds
More soluble in water
BLUE

Amylopectin
Consists of 1000 or more
glucose units
Branched component
Linked by alpha 1,4 bonds and
alpha 1,6 bonds
Less soluble in water
VIOLET

161
Q

Prelaration of starch

A

✔Pregelatinized Starch
✔Sodium Starch Glycolate
✔HETASTARCH:

162
Q
A
163
Q
A
164
Q
A
165
Q
A
166
Q
A
167
Q

● Corn -

A

Zea mays

168
Q

● Potato -

A

Solanum tuberosum

169
Q

● Wheat -

A

Triticum aestivum

170
Q

● Rice -

A

Oryza sativa

171
Q

: mechanical or chemical process to rupture all parts of granules in the presence of water

A

✔Pregelatinized Starch

172
Q

tablet disintegrant

A

✔Sodium Starch Glycolate: t

173
Q

Semisynthetic material used as
plasma expander at 6% concentration

A

✔HETASTARCH:

174
Q

● Glucosan
● Storage polysaccharide in animals

A

Glucosan

175
Q

● More branched than starch (every 12-15 units)

A

Glucosan

176
Q

● Stored in the liver and skeletal muscles

A

Glucosan

177
Q

Glucosan ● Gives _ color with iodine

A

red

178
Q

● Fructosan
● Linkage B-2,1 bonds

A

Inulin

179
Q

● Source of inulin

A

chicory root (Chicorium intybus)

180
Q

● Obtained from the cell sap of the underground
organs of the plants (Asteraceae family)

A

Inulin

181
Q

● Obtained from the cell sap of the underground
organs of the plants (Asteraceae family)

A

Inulin

182
Q

Uses of inulin

A

Improves digestion
○ Component in culture medium
○ Evaluation of renal function (GFR)

183
Q

● Not digested by mammalian enzyme system
because they lack CELLULASE

A

Cellulose

184
Q

● Most abundant organic matter

A

Cellulose

185
Q

Male contraceptive

A

❑Gossypol

186
Q

Uses of Purified Cotton

A

Textiles, Absorbents in wounds

187
Q

Purified cotton SN

A

❑Gossypium hirsutum

188
Q

❑Binder and Disintegrant

A

Powdered Cellulose

TCEP MODULE 2 (3 decks)

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