Module 2. 1.2: Biochemistry Flashcards
What are the example of biomolecules
Carbohydrates
amino acids
lipid- it is the only monomer, the rest are polymers
protein
Class of a heterogeneous group of compounds which are more related by their physical than by their chemical properties
Lipids
Unique characteristic of lipids
Insolubility and invisibility in water
What are the classification of lipids
Simple lipids
complex lipids
Derived lipids
Esters of fatty acids
Simple lipids
Undergoes hydrolysis to yield fatty acids and alcohol
Simple lipids
Fatty acid + alcohol =
Lipids
Example of simple lipids
Fats and oil
Wax
Yields fatty acid, alcohol and other compounds
Complex lipid
Example of complex lipod
Phospholipid and glycolipid
Example of derived lipid
Ecosanoid and steroid
Formed by metabolic transformation of fatty acid
Derived lipid
Both fixed oil and fats are
Triglycerides
Long chain unsaturated fatty acids + glycerol
Fixed oils
Fix oil can be extracted from
Vegetables
Fixed oil is__at room temperature
Liquid
Long chain saturated fatty acids + glycerol
Fats
Fats can be extracted from
Animals
Fats is at @__room temperature
Solid
Long fatty acid chain + high molecular weight alcohol such as ethyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol
Wax
Waxes is at __ room temperature
Always solid
What are the types of phospholipids
Phosphoglycerides
Phosphosphingoside
What are the example or types of phosphoglycerides
Lecithin
cephalins
plasmalogens
What are the contents of phosphoglycerides
Fatty acid
glycerol
phosphate group and
nitrogen compound
Aka Phosphatidylcholine
Lecithin
It is present in the lungs or surfactant in lungs
Dipalmetoyl lecithin
Absence of dipalmetoyl lecithin=
Respiratory distress syndrome specially in newborn
In lecithin the removal of one fatty acid through ___ will give rise to___ which is present in a snake venom and is toxic: hemolysis
Lecithinase A
Lysolecithin
Triglyceride is also known as
Tri acyl glycero
Cephalins is also known as
Phosphatidylethanolamine
It is important in blood clotting
Cephalins
It resembles a cephalene and lecithin but have an unsaturated ether at carbon 1 instead of esther
Plasmalogens
It is found in the membranes of brain and muscles
Plasmalogens
Fatty acid+ alcohol+ sphingosine + phosphate group
Phosphosphingoside
What are the types of Phosphosphingoside
Spingomyeline
Sphingoglycolipid
It is present in the brain and in the nerve tissue
Spingomyeline
With carbohydrate often galactose
Sphingoglycolipid
The most simplest Sphingoglycolipid with galactose or glucose
Cerebroside and ganglioside
Globoside- glucose + galactose
Cerebroside and ganglioside
It is the basic unit of Sphingoglycolipid
Ceramides
They are served as transport vehicle for fat. To transfer one fat from one part of the body to another part of the body
Lipoprotein
Four classes of lipoprotein
Chylomicrons
Very low density lipoprotein VLDL
Low density lipoprotein LDL
High density lipoprotein HDL
It functions to carry dietary triacyl glycerols TAGs (or triglyceride) from intestines to other tissues such as adipose tissue ( bilbil)
Chylomicrons
Chylomicrons is also known as
Ultra low density lipoprotein
Carry TAGs - triacyl lycerol from the liver
VLDL
It is also known as bad cholestero
LDL
It carry cholesterol to peripheral tissue
LDL
Also known as good cholesterol
HDL
Carry cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver
HDL
Also known as good cholesterol
HDL
Carry cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver, but it brings back the cholesterol to the liver to be utilized further
HDL
What is the disease that causes the deposition of plate into the lining of the artery
Atherosclerosis
It is the structure present in all steroid
Cyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus CPP nucleus
It is the most abundant sterol in animal
Cholesterol
What are the types of steroids
Sterols /cholesterol
Sex hormones
Bile acids
Vitamin d
Corticosteroid
What are the sex hormones in male and female
Testosterone
Progesterone and estrogen
It is necessary for the emulsification or solubilization of fats
Bile acids
Bile acids example:
Litocholic acid
Deoxycholic acid
Cholic acid
Chenodeoxycolic acid
The most potent and it is the final and active form of vitamin d
1, 25 dihydroxycalciferol
It is secreted by the adrenal medulla
Corticosteroid
Glucocorticoids is present in
Zona fasciculata
GF
Glucocorticoids is present in
Zona fasciculata
GF
Mineralo corticoids is present in
Zona glomerulosa
Mineralo corticoids is present in
Zona glomerulosa
What are the derived lipid
Steroids
Ecosanoid
Aldosterone is responsible for the__ and __
Sodium retention
Vasoconstriction
Aldosterone is responsible for the__ and __
Sodium retention
Vasoconstriction
In glucocorticoid there are _& _
Cortisol
Cortisone
In glucocorticoid there are _& _
Cortisol
Cortisone
It increases when stressed or it is the stressed hormone
Cortisol
It is the natural anti-inflammatory agent
Cortisone
Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring
Three hexacyclic ring and 1 pentacycilc ring
Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring
Three hexacyclic ring and 1 pentacycilc ring
In cpp ring, carbon 17 attachment
If OH - testosterone
If C=OCH2OH orw acetone -cortisone
Cholesterol lipid structure is based on a — ring system, called _
4
Cpp nucleus
Cholesterol lipid structure is based on a — ring system, called _
4
Cpp nucleus
Derived lipids in plants
Fungi
Animals
plants -phytosterol
Fungi- ergosterol
Animals- cholesterol
Derived lipids in plants
Fungi
Animals
plants -phytosterol
Fungi- ergosterol
Animals- cholesterol
It has a steroid nucleus
Cholesterol
The most common of asteroid in human body
Cholesterol
Is cholesterol an alcohol
Yes because it has an hydroxyl group at position # three
Is cholesterol unsaturated
Yes because of the presence of a double bond between number five and six at ring b
It is the most abundant animal steroid
Cholesterol
What are the manifestations of addison’s disease
Bronze hyperpigmentation of skin
hypoglycemia
change in distribution of body hair
postural hypotension
GI disturbances
WEIGHT LOSS
WEAKNESS
ADRENAL CRISIS
What are the manifestations of addison’s disease
Bronze hyperpigmentation of skin
hypoglycemia
change in distribution of body hair
postural hypotension
GI disturbances
WEIGHT LOSS
WEAKNESS
ADRENAL CRISIS
What are the manifestations of cushing syndrome
Personality changes
Hyperglycemia
Moon face
Gynecomastia
Osteoporosis
What is the unique difference of addison’s disease and cushing syndrome
Addison’s disease is a decrease in corticosteroid so the manifestation is hypo
The fashion syndrome is the increase in corticosteroid so the manifestation is hyper
Hydrolysis of lipids means
Addition of water
Hydrolysis of lipids yield
Fatty acid and alcohol
It is also known rancidity
Oxidation
Continuous heating
Acrolein
Positive results of acrolein or continuous heating
Black markings in the paper
It is also known as acrolein
Propenal
Presence of glycerol
Acrolein
Chemical reaction of saponification
Fatty acids + alkali yields soap
Oxidation is the formation of
Rancidity
Heating of oils is the formation of
Acrolein or propenal
What are the types of fatty acid
Saturated and unsaturated
It contains only single bonds and sigma bond
Saturated fatty acid
Contains double bond and pi bond
Unsaturated FA
It has a lower melting point because it is unstable
Unsaturated fatty acid
Most table if single ka
Saturated fatty acid is more stable than unsaturated fatty acid
It is the Cis form of Unsaturated fatty acid
OLEIC acid
It is the TRANS form of unsaturated fatty acid
Elaidic acid
Unsaturated fatty acid with double bonds, describe each
POLLA
PALMITOLIC ACID - 16 carbon- (1)
OLEIC ACID- 18 carbons (9)
LINOLEIC ACID- 18 carbons
(9,12)
LINOLENIC ACID - 18 carbons(9,12,15)
ARCHIDONIC ACID- 20 carbon
(5,8,11,14)
It is also known as omega 3
Linolenic acid
Linoleic acid is also known as
Omega 6
It is the essential fatty acid or vitamin f
Linoleic acid linolenic acid
What are the saturated fatty acid
B- Butyric C4
C- Caproic C6
C- Caprylic C8
Ca - Capric|C10
La- Lauric C12
Mi - Myristic C14
Pa - palmitic C16
St - stearic C18
Ar - arachidic C20
Be - behennic C22
Li - lignoceric C24
Ce- cerrotic C26
What are the functions of essential fatty acid
For proper membrane structure
Precursor or stashing material
Deficiency of essential Fatty acid leads to
Skin redness and irritation
Infection
Dehydration
It is the precursor or starting material of essential fatty acid
Linoleic acid (18:2) or omega 6
What is the precursor of ecosanoid
ARCHIDONIC acid
The precursor of a ecosanoid is arachidonic acid but the dietary precursor of ecosanoid is
Linoleic acid (18:2)
What is the chemical formula of cholesterol
C27H45O
What is the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of Fatty acid (Linoleic acid) two arachidonic acid
Phospholipase A2
What are the test for cholesterol
And what is the more correct answer based in pacop
Salkowski test
lieberman Burchard
Salkowski test is more correct
Sulfuric acid test for sterol
Salkowski test
Two distinct layer in a test tube the upper layer is chloroform gets bluish red to violet color while the layer of sulfuric acid becomes yellow to green
Salkowski test
Salkowski test positive result
Two distinct layer in a test tube the upper layer is chloroform gets bluish red to violet color while the layer of sulfuric acid becomes yellow to green
Sulfuric acid + acetic anhydride
Liebermann burchard- a test for cholesterol
What is the positive result of Liebermann burchard
Formation of green or green blue color
osmic test is a test for
Prosthetic groups of lipids
Positive results of osmotic test
Red
Rosenheim test is a test for
Choline
Rosenheim test positive result
Purple ring at the junction of two layers
What are the chemical test for lipids
Sa LOR
Salkowski Test
Liebermann Burchard- test
Osmic Test
Rosenheim test
What is the enzyme deficient in tay sach disease
Hexosamenidase A
What is the enzyme deficient in Gaucher disease
Beta glucosdae/ glucocerebrosidase
What is the enzyme deficient in Niemann Pick
Acid spingo myelinase
What is the enzyme deficient in Sandhoff
Hexosamenidase A and B
What is the enzyme deficient in Fabry
Alpha Galactosidase
What is the enzyme deficient in krabbe
Beta galactosidae/ galactosylceramidase
Farber enzyme deficient
Ceramidase
Deposition of plague in the lining of the artery
Atherosclerosis
Decrease in corticosteroid
Addison’s disease
Increase in corticosteroid
Cushing syndrome
It is a polymer of amino acid
Protein
It is the building block of protein
Amino acid
It functions as a building of new cells maintenance of existing cells and replacement of old cells
Proteins
It is an organic molecule containing both carboxyl and amino functional groups only 20 are commonly found in mammalian proteins
Amino acid
What are the functional groups present in amino acid
Carboxyl and amino group
21st amino acid
Selenocysteine (Sec or U)
22nd amino acid
Pyrrolysine (pyr; O)
It is directly encoded by stop codon
Pyrrolysine
What are the properties of amino acids
Amphoteric
Zwitterionic
Isoelectric point
Chirality or asymmetric carbon
It can react as an acid or base
Amphoteric
Neutral molecule with positive and negative charges. it is a dipolar molecule
Zwitterionic
Ph at which amino acid are electrically neutral or exist with no charge
Isoelectric point
It is the only achiral amino acid
Glycine
Simplest and smallest amino acid
Glycine
Glycine (It is the only achiral amino acid)
Chirality or asymmetric carbon
What is the formula for isoelectric point
PI= pKa1 + pKa2/2
How is the structure of amino acid
It contains carbon with four different attached groups
- NH2, could react as base
- CooH, could react as acid
- R group, napapalitan
- H group
Amino acid structure has a
- carboxyl group
- amino group
-R group
Except for
Glycine
Amino acid structure has a
- carboxyl group
- amino group
-R group
All three are bounded to the
Alpha carbon
Amino acid structure has a
- carboxyl group
- amino group
-R group
The structure of __ dictates the function of the amino acid in protein
R group
Physical properties of amino acid White crystalline soluble in cold water except
Cystine and tyrosine, soluble in hot water
Physical properties of amino acid Insoluble in alcohol and ether
Except proline and hydro proline
Physical properties of amino acid most are sweet while __ and __
Leucine - tasteless
arginine is bitter
Physical properties of amino acid
All are precipitated from their solution by alcohol except
Proline because it is an imino group
One Amino acid, does not possesses a chiral carbon because the R group is substituted by H
Glycine
_, _, and _and All conserved glycine
Cytochrome c
Myoglobin
Hemoglobin
It is the ability of the body to synthesize or produce amino acids
Essential amino acid and nonessential amino acid
Nobody can dance on its own
Essential amino acid
PVT. TIM HALL amino acid
P PHENYL ALANINE
V VALENE
T TRYPTOPHAN
T THREONINE
I ISOLEUCINE
M METHEONINE
H HISTIDINE
A ARGININE
L LEUCINE
L LYSINE
What are the semi essential amino acid
Histidine and arginine
What are the classification of amino acid
According to solubility
Based on R- group
Amino acid classification according to solubility
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic
classification of amino acid according to solubility
What are the contents of hydrophobic
Aliphatic
aromatic
Sulfur containing compound
classification of amino acid according to solubility
What are the contents of hydrophilic
Polar or uncharged amino acid
Basic or acidic
It is a cyclic amino acid
Inserts a kink in the chain disrupting helical structure
Proline
Two chiral carbon
Isoleucine
Threonine
Not chiral cytochrome c, myoglobin and hemoglobin
Glycine
Isopropyl side chain
Valine
Methyl group
Alanine
What is the taste of leucine
Tasteless
Hydrophobic aromatic amino acid
For Your Winformation
Phenyl allanine
Tyrosine
tryptophan
What are the contents of aliphatic
hydrophobic amino acid
LIV with the GAP
BRANCHED
Leucine isoleucine
valine
LINEAR- GAP
GLYCINE ALANINE
PROLINE
It is the precursor of Tyrosine
Phenyl alanine
It is a precursor of catecholamine melanin fumaric acid and thyroid hormone
Tyrosine
It is also known as tyrosine
4- hydroxy phenyl alanine
Indole ring and it is the precursor of serotonin melatonin and niacin
Tryptophan
What are the contents of hydrophobic: sulfur containing amino acid
Methionine cysteine cystine
Start amino acid
Methionine
Sulfur in form of sulfide royal important in disulfide linkages
Cysteine
Dimer of cysteine
Cystine
Hydrophilic: Polar uncharged amino acid:
Threonine arginine
Glutamine
Serine
Amide of aspartic acid
Asparagine
Amide of glutamic acid
Glutamine
Looks like alanine with hydroxymethyl group
Serine
Hydrophilic: Basic amino acid
HALy
Imidazole ring: only amino acid that functions as buffer in physiologic condition
Histidine
Most basic amino acid; guanidinium ion
Arginine
Diamino acid
Lycine
Hydrophilic;
Acidic amino acid
Aspartate glutamate
Major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system
Major inhibitory neurotransmitter
Glutamate
GABA
Metabolic classifications of amino acid
Ketogenic glucogenic mixed ketogenic and glucogenic
Ketogenic
Leucine
Lycine
Glucogenic
All other aa
Mix ketogenic and glucogenic
FYW , isoleucine, threonine
Phenyl alanine,
Tyrosine
Tryptophan
Linear sequence of amino acid composing a polypeptide or protein which is specified by gene and coding complementary rna that is translated into a protein
Primary structure
Band that holds primary structure of protein
Polypeptide
Rearrangement of portions of polypeptide chains
Secondary structure of protein
This stabilized by hydrogen bonds
Secondary structure of protein
The overall shape of a single protein molecule
Tertiary structure
Special relationship of secondary structure to one another
Tertiary structure
Tertiary structure is stabilized by;
Salt bridges
Hydrogen bonds
Disulfide bonds
SHD
Synonymous with the term tertiary structure
Folds
Organization of multiple telepeptide chains into functional multi-meric protein
Quaternary structure
The bonds linking the quarternary structure are all
Non covalent - HESH
Hydrogen bonds electrostatic or salt bonds and hydrophobic bonds
Components of fibrous
CKEF Mut
Collagen keratin elastin fibrinogen
Basic unit of collagen
Tropocollagen
Most stable fibrous
Keratin
Muscle protein is the reaction of
Myosin + Actin= actomycin (muscle contractions)
Most abundant protein
Collagen
What are the contents of albuminoids
Collagen
Keratin
Elastin
Mechanism of action of vitamin c
Hydroxylation of proline and lysine
Increases the collagen in the skin
Vitamin c
What are the contents of globular proteins
AGCHEPA
Albumin globulin casein hemoglobin enzymes protein hormones antibodies
Protein hormones
Insulin
Calcitonin thyroid hormone
It is also called antibodies
Immunoglobulins
Makeup thousands of different proteins that are generated in the blood serum in reaction to antigens
Antibodies
What are the differents antibodies
IgA
IgM
IgG
IgD
IgE
Secretary fluids such as tears milk and saliva
IgA
Secondary response to antigen; chronic
IgG
The only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus can be detected during infection because of long half life
IgG
Largest acute primary response, the primary one to be secreted during infection
IgM
Rare, found in the surface of beta lymphocytes
IgD
Hypersens itivity/ allergy, worm, helminths
IgE
Soluble in water distilled, salt solution
Albumin
Sparingly soluble in water but soluble in solution
Globulins
Insoluble in water; soluble in 70% to 80% ethanol and absolute alcohol
Prolamine
Soluble in most solvents: soluble in dilute acids and bases
Glutelins
Not based upon solubility; small MW with 80% arginine and no cysteine
Protamines
Insoluble in water and salt solution
Scleroprotein
Simple protein examples
AGG PA HiPro
Albumin
globulin
Glutelins
prolamine
albuminoids
Protamine
Reactive group and result of millons test
Phenolic ring of tyrosine
Flesh to red ppt
Reactive group and result of biuret test
Peptide linkage
Purple
Reactive group and result of Hopkins cole or Glyoxylic acid + sulfuric acid
Indole nucleus (tryptophan)
Violet ring at the junction
Reactive group and result of ninhydrin test
Alpha amino acid
Blue color or Ruhemann’s purple except proline and hydroxy proline
Reactive group and result of
Nitroprusside test and sulivans test
Cysteine
Red color
Reactive group and result of SH group ( NaOH, lead acetate
Sulfur group
Methionine
Cysteine
Cystine
Black due to Lead sulfide
Reactive group and result of xanthoproteic test ( nitric acid test)
Benzene ring nitration ( FYW)
Yellow to orange
Reactive group and result of Molisch test
Glycoprotein
Violet
Reactive group and result of sakaguchi test (alpha napthol + NaOCl
Arginine
Red
Reactive group and result of paulis test
Histidine
Tyrosine
Red color
Reactive group and result of Schiffs test
NH2 of lysine
Pink violet color
