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TCEP MODULE 2 > Module 2. 1.2: Biochemistry > Flashcards

Module 2. 1.2: Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the example of biomolecules

A

Carbohydrates
amino acids
lipid- it is the only monomer, the rest are polymers
protein

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2
Q

Class of a heterogeneous group of compounds which are more related by their physical than by their chemical properties

A

Lipids

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3
Q

Unique characteristic of lipids

A

Insolubility and invisibility in water

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4
Q

What are the classification of lipids

A

Simple lipids
complex lipids
Derived lipids

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5
Q

Esters of fatty acids

A

Simple lipids

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6
Q

Undergoes hydrolysis to yield fatty acids and alcohol

A

Simple lipids

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7
Q

Fatty acid + alcohol =

A

Lipids

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8
Q

Example of simple lipids

A

Fats and oil
Wax

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9
Q

Yields fatty acid, alcohol and other compounds

A

Complex lipid

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10
Q

Example of complex lipod

A

Phospholipid and glycolipid

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11
Q

Example of derived lipid

A

Ecosanoid and steroid

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12
Q

Formed by metabolic transformation of fatty acid

A

Derived lipid

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13
Q

Both fixed oil and fats are

A

Triglycerides

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14
Q

Long chain unsaturated fatty acids + glycerol

A

Fixed oils

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15
Q

Fix oil can be extracted from

A

Vegetables

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16
Q

Fixed oil is__at room temperature

A

Liquid

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17
Q

Long chain saturated fatty acids + glycerol

A

Fats

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18
Q

Fats can be extracted from

A

Animals

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19
Q

Fats is at @__room temperature

A

Solid

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20
Q

Long fatty acid chain + high molecular weight alcohol such as ethyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol

A

Wax

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21
Q

Waxes is at __ room temperature

A

Always solid

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22
Q

What are the types of phospholipids

A

Phosphoglycerides
Phosphosphingoside

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23
Q

What are the example or types of phosphoglycerides

A

Lecithin
cephalins
plasmalogens

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24
Q

What are the contents of phosphoglycerides

A

Fatty acid
glycerol
phosphate group and
nitrogen compound

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25
Q

Aka Phosphatidylcholine

A

Lecithin

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26
Q

It is present in the lungs or surfactant in lungs

A

Dipalmetoyl lecithin

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27
Q

Absence of dipalmetoyl lecithin=

A

Respiratory distress syndrome specially in newborn

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28
Q

In lecithin the removal of one fatty acid through ___ will give rise to___ which is present in a snake venom and is toxic: hemolysis

A

Lecithinase A
Lysolecithin

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29
Q

Triglyceride is also known as

A

Tri acyl glycero

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30
Q

Cephalins is also known as

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine

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31
Q

It is important in blood clotting

A

Cephalins

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32
Q

It resembles a cephalene and lecithin but have an unsaturated ether at carbon 1 instead of esther

A

Plasmalogens

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33
Q

It is found in the membranes of brain and muscles

A

Plasmalogens

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34
Q

Fatty acid+ alcohol+ sphingosine + phosphate group

A

Phosphosphingoside

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34
Q

What are the types of Phosphosphingoside

A

Spingomyeline
Sphingoglycolipid

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35
Q

It is present in the brain and in the nerve tissue

A

Spingomyeline

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35
Q

With carbohydrate often galactose

A

Sphingoglycolipid

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36
Q

The most simplest Sphingoglycolipid with galactose or glucose

A

Cerebroside and ganglioside

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37
Q

Globoside- glucose + galactose

A

Cerebroside and ganglioside

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37
Q

It is the basic unit of Sphingoglycolipid

A

Ceramides

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38
Q

They are served as transport vehicle for fat. To transfer one fat from one part of the body to another part of the body

A

Lipoprotein

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39
Q

Four classes of lipoprotein

A

Chylomicrons
Very low density lipoprotein VLDL
Low density lipoprotein LDL
High density lipoprotein HDL

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40
Q

It functions to carry dietary triacyl glycerols TAGs (or triglyceride) from intestines to other tissues such as adipose tissue ( bilbil)

A

Chylomicrons

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41
Q

Chylomicrons is also known as

A

Ultra low density lipoprotein

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42
Q

Carry TAGs - triacyl lycerol from the liver

A

VLDL

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43
Q

It is also known as bad cholestero

A

LDL

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44
Q

It carry cholesterol to peripheral tissue

A

LDL

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45
Q

Also known as good cholesterol

A

HDL

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46
Q

Carry cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver

A

HDL

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47
Q

Also known as good cholesterol

A

HDL

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48
Q

Carry cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver, but it brings back the cholesterol to the liver to be utilized further

A

HDL

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49
Q

What is the disease that causes the deposition of plate into the lining of the artery

A

Atherosclerosis

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50
Q

It is the structure present in all steroid

A

Cyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus CPP nucleus

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51
Q

It is the most abundant sterol in animal

A

Cholesterol

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52
Q

What are the types of steroids

A

Sterols /cholesterol
Sex hormones
Bile acids
Vitamin d
Corticosteroid

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53
Q

What are the sex hormones in male and female

A

Testosterone

Progesterone and estrogen

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54
Q

It is necessary for the emulsification or solubilization of fats

A

Bile acids

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55
Q

Bile acids example:

A

Litocholic acid
Deoxycholic acid
Cholic acid
Chenodeoxycolic acid

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56
Q

The most potent and it is the final and active form of vitamin d

A

1, 25 dihydroxycalciferol

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57
Q

It is secreted by the adrenal medulla

A

Corticosteroid

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58
Q

Glucocorticoids is present in

A

Zona fasciculata
GF

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59
Q

Glucocorticoids is present in

A

Zona fasciculata
GF

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60
Q

Mineralo corticoids is present in

A

Zona glomerulosa

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61
Q

Mineralo corticoids is present in

A

Zona glomerulosa

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62
Q

What are the derived lipid

A

Steroids
Ecosanoid

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63
Q

Aldosterone is responsible for the__ and __

A

Sodium retention
Vasoconstriction

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64
Q

Aldosterone is responsible for the__ and __

A

Sodium retention
Vasoconstriction

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65
Q

In glucocorticoid there are _& _

A

Cortisol
Cortisone

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66
Q

In glucocorticoid there are _& _

A

Cortisol
Cortisone

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67
Q

It increases when stressed or it is the stressed hormone

A

Cortisol

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68
Q

It is the natural anti-inflammatory agent

A

Cortisone

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69
Q

Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring

A

Three hexacyclic ring and 1 pentacycilc ring

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70
Q

Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring

A

Three hexacyclic ring and 1 pentacycilc ring

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71
Q

In cpp ring, carbon 17 attachment

A

If OH - testosterone
If C=OCH2OH orw acetone -cortisone

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72
Q

Cholesterol lipid structure is based on a — ring system, called _

A

4
Cpp nucleus

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73
Q

Cholesterol lipid structure is based on a — ring system, called _

A

4
Cpp nucleus

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74
Q

Derived lipids in plants
Fungi
Animals

A

plants -phytosterol
Fungi- ergosterol
Animals- cholesterol

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75
Q

Derived lipids in plants
Fungi
Animals

A

plants -phytosterol
Fungi- ergosterol
Animals- cholesterol

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76
Q

It has a steroid nucleus

A

Cholesterol

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77
Q

The most common of asteroid in human body

A

Cholesterol

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78
Q

Is cholesterol an alcohol

A

Yes because it has an hydroxyl group at position # three

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79
Q

Is cholesterol unsaturated

A

Yes because of the presence of a double bond between number five and six at ring b

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80
Q

It is the most abundant animal steroid

A

Cholesterol

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81
Q

What are the manifestations of addison’s disease

A

Bronze hyperpigmentation of skin
hypoglycemia
change in distribution of body hair
postural hypotension
GI disturbances
WEIGHT LOSS
WEAKNESS
ADRENAL CRISIS

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82
Q

What are the manifestations of addison’s disease

A

Bronze hyperpigmentation of skin
hypoglycemia
change in distribution of body hair
postural hypotension
GI disturbances
WEIGHT LOSS
WEAKNESS
ADRENAL CRISIS

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83
Q

What are the manifestations of cushing syndrome

A

Personality changes
Hyperglycemia
Moon face
Gynecomastia
Osteoporosis

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84
Q

What is the unique difference of addison’s disease and cushing syndrome

A

Addison’s disease is a decrease in corticosteroid so the manifestation is hypo

The fashion syndrome is the increase in corticosteroid so the manifestation is hyper

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85
Q

Hydrolysis of lipids means

A

Addition of water

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86
Q

Hydrolysis of lipids yield

A

Fatty acid and alcohol

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87
Q

It is also known rancidity

A

Oxidation

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88
Q

Continuous heating

A

Acrolein

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89
Q

Positive results of acrolein or continuous heating

A

Black markings in the paper

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90
Q

It is also known as acrolein

A

Propenal

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91
Q

Presence of glycerol

A

Acrolein

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92
Q

Chemical reaction of saponification

A

Fatty acids + alkali yields soap

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93
Q

Oxidation is the formation of

A

Rancidity

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94
Q

Heating of oils is the formation of

A

Acrolein or propenal

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95
Q

What are the types of fatty acid

A

Saturated and unsaturated

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96
Q

It contains only single bonds and sigma bond

A

Saturated fatty acid

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97
Q

Contains double bond and pi bond

A

Unsaturated FA

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98
Q

It has a lower melting point because it is unstable

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

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99
Q

Most table if single ka

A

Saturated fatty acid is more stable than unsaturated fatty acid

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100
Q

It is the Cis form of Unsaturated fatty acid

A

OLEIC acid

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101
Q

It is the TRANS form of unsaturated fatty acid

A

Elaidic acid

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102
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid with double bonds, describe each

A

POLLA
PALMITOLIC ACID - 16 carbon- (1)

OLEIC ACID- 18 carbons (9)

LINOLEIC ACID- 18 carbons
(9,12)

LINOLENIC ACID - 18 carbons(9,12,15)

ARCHIDONIC ACID- 20 carbon
(5,8,11,14)

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103
Q

It is also known as omega 3

A

Linolenic acid

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104
Q

Linoleic acid is also known as

A

Omega 6

105
Q

It is the essential fatty acid or vitamin f

A

Linoleic acid linolenic acid

106
Q

What are the saturated fatty acid

A

B- Butyric C4

C- Caproic C6

C- Caprylic C8

Ca - Capric|C10

La- Lauric C12

Mi - Myristic C14

Pa - palmitic C16

St - stearic C18

Ar - arachidic C20

Be - behennic C22

Li - lignoceric C24

Ce- cerrotic C26

107
Q

What are the functions of essential fatty acid

A

For proper membrane structure
Precursor or stashing material

108
Q

Deficiency of essential Fatty acid leads to

A

Skin redness and irritation
Infection
Dehydration

109
Q

It is the precursor or starting material of essential fatty acid

A

Linoleic acid (18:2) or omega 6

110
Q

What is the precursor of ecosanoid

A

ARCHIDONIC acid

111
Q

The precursor of a ecosanoid is arachidonic acid but the dietary precursor of ecosanoid is

A

Linoleic acid (18:2)

112
Q

What is the chemical formula of cholesterol

A

C27H45O

113
Q

What is the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of Fatty acid (Linoleic acid) two arachidonic acid

A

Phospholipase A2

114
Q

What are the test for cholesterol
And what is the more correct answer based in pacop

A

Salkowski test
lieberman Burchard

Salkowski test is more correct

115
Q

Sulfuric acid test for sterol

A

Salkowski test

116
Q

Two distinct layer in a test tube the upper layer is chloroform gets bluish red to violet color while the layer of sulfuric acid becomes yellow to green

A

Salkowski test

117
Q

Salkowski test positive result

A

Two distinct layer in a test tube the upper layer is chloroform gets bluish red to violet color while the layer of sulfuric acid becomes yellow to green

118
Q

Sulfuric acid + acetic anhydride

A

Liebermann burchard- a test for cholesterol

119
Q

What is the positive result of Liebermann burchard

A

Formation of green or green blue color

120
Q

osmic test is a test for

A

Prosthetic groups of lipids

121
Q

Positive results of osmotic test

A

Red

122
Q

Rosenheim test is a test for

A

Choline

123
Q

Rosenheim test positive result

A

Purple ring at the junction of two layers

124
Q

What are the chemical test for lipids

A

Sa LOR
Salkowski Test
Liebermann Burchard- test
Osmic Test
Rosenheim test

125
Q

What is the enzyme deficient in tay sach disease

A

Hexosamenidase A

126
Q

What is the enzyme deficient in Gaucher disease

A

Beta glucosdae/ glucocerebrosidase

127
Q

What is the enzyme deficient in Niemann Pick

A

Acid spingo myelinase

128
Q

What is the enzyme deficient in Sandhoff

A

Hexosamenidase A and B

129
Q

What is the enzyme deficient in Fabry

A

Alpha Galactosidase

130
Q

What is the enzyme deficient in krabbe

A

Beta galactosidae/ galactosylceramidase

131
Q

Farber enzyme deficient

A

Ceramidase

132
Q

Deposition of plague in the lining of the artery

A

Atherosclerosis

133
Q

Decrease in corticosteroid

A

Addison’s disease

134
Q

Increase in corticosteroid

A

Cushing syndrome

135
Q

It is a polymer of amino acid

A

Protein

136
Q

It is the building block of protein

A

Amino acid

137
Q

It functions as a building of new cells maintenance of existing cells and replacement of old cells

A

Proteins

138
Q

It is an organic molecule containing both carboxyl and amino functional groups only 20 are commonly found in mammalian proteins

A

Amino acid

139
Q

What are the functional groups present in amino acid

A

Carboxyl and amino group

140
Q

21st amino acid

A

Selenocysteine (Sec or U)

141
Q

22nd amino acid

A

Pyrrolysine (pyr; O)

142
Q

It is directly encoded by stop codon

A

Pyrrolysine

143
Q

What are the properties of amino acids

A

Amphoteric
Zwitterionic
Isoelectric point
Chirality or asymmetric carbon

144
Q

It can react as an acid or base

A

Amphoteric

145
Q

Neutral molecule with positive and negative charges. it is a dipolar molecule

A

Zwitterionic

146
Q

Ph at which amino acid are electrically neutral or exist with no charge

A

Isoelectric point

147
Q

It is the only achiral amino acid

A

Glycine

148
Q

Simplest and smallest amino acid

A

Glycine

149
Q

Glycine (It is the only achiral amino acid)

A

Chirality or asymmetric carbon

150
Q

What is the formula for isoelectric point

A

PI= pKa1 + pKa2/2

151
Q

How is the structure of amino acid

A

It contains carbon with four different attached groups
- NH2, could react as base
- CooH, could react as acid
- R group, napapalitan
- H group

152
Q

Amino acid structure has a
- carboxyl group
- amino group
-R group
Except for

A

Glycine

153
Q

Amino acid structure has a
- carboxyl group
- amino group
-R group
All three are bounded to the

A

Alpha carbon

154
Q

Amino acid structure has a
- carboxyl group
- amino group
-R group

The structure of __ dictates the function of the amino acid in protein

A

R group

155
Q

Physical properties of amino acid White crystalline soluble in cold water except

A

Cystine and tyrosine, soluble in hot water

156
Q

Physical properties of amino acid Insoluble in alcohol and ether

A

Except proline and hydro proline

157
Q

Physical properties of amino acid most are sweet while __ and __

A

Leucine - tasteless

arginine is bitter

158
Q

Physical properties of amino acid
All are precipitated from their solution by alcohol except

A

Proline because it is an imino group

159
Q

One Amino acid, does not possesses a chiral carbon because the R group is substituted by H

A

Glycine

160
Q

_, _, and _and All conserved glycine

A

Cytochrome c
Myoglobin
Hemoglobin

161
Q

It is the ability of the body to synthesize or produce amino acids

A

Essential amino acid and nonessential amino acid

162
Q

Nobody can dance on its own

A

Essential amino acid

163
Q

PVT. TIM HALL amino acid

A

P PHENYL ALANINE
V VALENE
T TRYPTOPHAN

T THREONINE
I ISOLEUCINE
M METHEONINE

H HISTIDINE
A ARGININE
L LEUCINE
L LYSINE

164
Q

What are the semi essential amino acid

A

Histidine and arginine

165
Q

What are the classification of amino acid

A

According to solubility

Based on R- group

166
Q

Amino acid classification according to solubility

A

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic

167
Q

classification of amino acid according to solubility
What are the contents of hydrophobic

A

Aliphatic
aromatic
Sulfur containing compound

168
Q

classification of amino acid according to solubility
What are the contents of hydrophilic

A

Polar or uncharged amino acid
Basic or acidic

169
Q

It is a cyclic amino acid
Inserts a kink in the chain disrupting helical structure

A

Proline

170
Q

Two chiral carbon

A

Isoleucine
Threonine

171
Q

Not chiral cytochrome c, myoglobin and hemoglobin

A

Glycine

172
Q

Isopropyl side chain

A

Valine

173
Q

Methyl group

A

Alanine

174
Q

What is the taste of leucine

A

Tasteless

175
Q

Hydrophobic aromatic amino acid

A

For Your Winformation

Phenyl allanine

Tyrosine

tryptophan

176
Q

What are the contents of aliphatic
hydrophobic amino acid

A

LIV with the GAP

BRANCHED
Leucine isoleucine
valine

LINEAR- GAP
GLYCINE ALANINE
PROLINE

177
Q

It is the precursor of Tyrosine

A

Phenyl alanine

178
Q
A
179
Q

It is a precursor of catecholamine melanin fumaric acid and thyroid hormone

A

Tyrosine

180
Q

It is also known as tyrosine

A

4- hydroxy phenyl alanine

181
Q

Indole ring and it is the precursor of serotonin melatonin and niacin

A

Tryptophan

182
Q

What are the contents of hydrophobic: sulfur containing amino acid

A

Methionine cysteine cystine

183
Q

Start amino acid

A

Methionine

184
Q

Sulfur in form of sulfide royal important in disulfide linkages

A

Cysteine

185
Q

Dimer of cysteine

A

Cystine

186
Q

Hydrophilic: Polar uncharged amino acid:

A

Threonine arginine
Glutamine
Serine

187
Q

Amide of aspartic acid

A

Asparagine

188
Q

Amide of glutamic acid

A

Glutamine

189
Q

Looks like alanine with hydroxymethyl group

A

Serine

190
Q

Hydrophilic: Basic amino acid

A

HALy

191
Q

Imidazole ring: only amino acid that functions as buffer in physiologic condition

A

Histidine

192
Q

Most basic amino acid; guanidinium ion

A

Arginine

193
Q

Diamino acid

A

Lycine

194
Q

Hydrophilic;
Acidic amino acid

A

Aspartate glutamate

195
Q

Major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate
GABA

196
Q

Metabolic classifications of amino acid

A

Ketogenic glucogenic mixed ketogenic and glucogenic

197
Q

Ketogenic

A

Leucine
Lycine

198
Q

Glucogenic

A

All other aa

199
Q

Mix ketogenic and glucogenic

A

FYW , isoleucine, threonine

Phenyl alanine,
Tyrosine
Tryptophan

200
Q

Linear sequence of amino acid composing a polypeptide or protein which is specified by gene and coding complementary rna that is translated into a protein

A

Primary structure

201
Q

Band that holds primary structure of protein

A

Polypeptide

202
Q

Rearrangement of portions of polypeptide chains

A

Secondary structure of protein

203
Q

This stabilized by hydrogen bonds

A

Secondary structure of protein

204
Q

The overall shape of a single protein molecule

A

Tertiary structure

205
Q

Special relationship of secondary structure to one another

A

Tertiary structure

206
Q

Tertiary structure is stabilized by;

A

Salt bridges
Hydrogen bonds
Disulfide bonds
SHD

207
Q

Synonymous with the term tertiary structure

A

Folds

208
Q

Organization of multiple telepeptide chains into functional multi-meric protein

A

Quaternary structure

209
Q

The bonds linking the quarternary structure are all

A

Non covalent - HESH
Hydrogen bonds electrostatic or salt bonds and hydrophobic bonds

210
Q

Components of fibrous

A

CKEF Mut
Collagen keratin elastin fibrinogen

211
Q

Basic unit of collagen

A

Tropocollagen

212
Q

Most stable fibrous

A

Keratin

213
Q

Muscle protein is the reaction of

A

Myosin + Actin= actomycin (muscle contractions)

214
Q

Most abundant protein

A

Collagen

215
Q

What are the contents of albuminoids

A

Collagen
Keratin
Elastin

216
Q

Mechanism of action of vitamin c

A

Hydroxylation of proline and lysine

217
Q

Increases the collagen in the skin

A

Vitamin c

218
Q

What are the contents of globular proteins

A

AGCHEPA
Albumin globulin casein hemoglobin enzymes protein hormones antibodies

219
Q

Protein hormones

A

Insulin
Calcitonin thyroid hormone

220
Q

It is also called antibodies

A

Immunoglobulins

221
Q

Makeup thousands of different proteins that are generated in the blood serum in reaction to antigens

A

Antibodies

222
Q

What are the differents antibodies

A

IgA
IgM
IgG
IgD
IgE

223
Q

Secretary fluids such as tears milk and saliva

A

IgA

224
Q

Secondary response to antigen; chronic

A

IgG

225
Q

The only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus can be detected during infection because of long half life

A

IgG

226
Q

Largest acute primary response, the primary one to be secreted during infection

A

IgM

227
Q

Rare, found in the surface of beta lymphocytes

A

IgD

228
Q

Hypersens itivity/ allergy, worm, helminths

A

IgE

229
Q

Soluble in water distilled, salt solution

A

Albumin

230
Q

Sparingly soluble in water but soluble in solution

A

Globulins

231
Q

Insoluble in water; soluble in 70% to 80% ethanol and absolute alcohol

A

Prolamine

232
Q

Soluble in most solvents: soluble in dilute acids and bases

A

Glutelins

233
Q

Not based upon solubility; small MW with 80% arginine and no cysteine

A

Protamines

234
Q

Insoluble in water and salt solution

A

Scleroprotein

235
Q

Simple protein examples

A

AGG PA HiPro
Albumin
globulin
Glutelins
prolamine
albuminoids
Protamine

236
Q

Reactive group and result of millons test

A

Phenolic ring of tyrosine

Flesh to red ppt

237
Q

Reactive group and result of biuret test

A

Peptide linkage
Purple

238
Q

Reactive group and result of Hopkins cole or Glyoxylic acid + sulfuric acid

A

Indole nucleus (tryptophan)

Violet ring at the junction

239
Q

Reactive group and result of ninhydrin test

A

Alpha amino acid
Blue color or Ruhemann’s purple except proline and hydroxy proline

240
Q

Reactive group and result of
Nitroprusside test and sulivans test

A

Cysteine
Red color

241
Q

Reactive group and result of SH group ( NaOH, lead acetate

A

Sulfur group
Methionine
Cysteine
Cystine

Black due to Lead sulfide

242
Q

Reactive group and result of xanthoproteic test ( nitric acid test)

A

Benzene ring nitration ( FYW)

Yellow to orange

243
Q

Reactive group and result of Molisch test

A

Glycoprotein
Violet

244
Q

Reactive group and result of sakaguchi test (alpha napthol + NaOCl

A

Arginine
Red

245
Q

Reactive group and result of paulis test

A

Histidine
Tyrosine
Red color

246
Q

Reactive group and result of Schiffs test

A

NH2 of lysine

Pink violet color

247
Q
A
248
Q
A
249
Q
A
250
Q
A
251
Q
A
252
Q
A
253
Q
A
254
Q
A
255
Q
A
256
Q
A
257
Q
A
258
Q
A
259
Q
A
260
Q
A
261
Q
A
262
Q
A
263
Q
A

TCEP MODULE 2 (3 decks)

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