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A Level Biology > Module 2.1.2 Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Module 2.1.2 Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 Monosaccharides?

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of glucose?

A

Hexose form - Alpha & beta

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of galactose?

A

Hexose form - Alpha & beta

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4
Q

Is Fructose a pentose or hexose?

A

Pentose due to the shape but still has 6 carbons

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5
Q

What are the 3 disaccharides?

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

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6
Q

How are disaccharides bonded?

A

Glycosidic bonds

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7
Q

What is maltose made up of and what bonds do they form?

A

2 alpha glucose + 1:4 glycosidic bonds

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8
Q

What is sucrose made up of and what bonds do they form?

A

Alpha glucose & fructose + 1:2 glycosidic bonds

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9
Q

What is lactose made up of and what bonds do they form?

A

Beta glucose & Beta galactose + 1:2 glycosidic bonds

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10
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

2 monosaccharides linked together with glycosidic bonds

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11
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Many monosaccharides linked together via glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

What are the 3 polysaccharides?

A

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

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13
Q

What is starch & what bonds is it linked by?

A

A polymer of alpha glucose linked by 1:4 glycosidic bond

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14
Q

What are the 2 different types of starch?

A

Amylose & Amylopectin

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15
Q

What is the difference between amylose & amylopectin?

A

Amylose - helical (1:4 glycosidic bond)
Amylopectin - branched (1:4 + 1:6 glycosidic bond (at point of branch))

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16
Q

What is cellulose and what is it linked by?

A

A polymer of beta glucose (1:4 glycosidic bond) - linear chains cross linked via hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

What is glycogen & what bonds is it linked by?

A

A polymer of alpha glucose (1:4 + 1:6 glycosidic bonds (at point of branch))

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18
Q

What is glycogen and what bonds is it linked by?

A

A polymer of alpha glucose + (1:4 & 1:6 glycosidic bonds (at point of branch))

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19
Q

What type of reaction makes glycosidic bonds?

A

A condensation reaction (water is released)

20
Q

What are the properties of water?

A

The oxygen in water is more electronegative than the hydrogen (the atoms spend more time orbiting oxygen)
Oxygen is slightly negative + hydrogen is slightly positive (unequal share of electrons)
Water is non polar (allows the molecules to form hydrogen bonds between the slightly positive hydrogen & slightly negative oxygen of the different water molecules)
Water is cohesive (the forces between water molecules) & adhesive (the forces between the water molecules & the surface it is attached to)
The hydrogen bonds are weak between the oxygen & hydrogen molecules but water forms many - strong
Density (ice is less dense so nutrients in the water below can still circulate)
Transparent
Has a high specific heat capacity

21
Q

What are the different important functions of water?

A

Water is a solvent (polar substances can dissolve e.g. glucose but not non polar)
Water is a medium for chemical reactions
Water is a transport medium -> (animals - blood plasma, plants - (xylem for mineral ions & water), (phloem for dissolved sugars)
Water is a coolant (sweat - evaporation)
Water is a habitat (aquatic organisms)
Is a major component of all cells & has important roles in cells (e.g cytoplasm - animal & plant cells)
Has a role in synthesising & breaking down biological molecules (condensation & hydrolysis reactions)

22
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

The monomers that make up proteins

23
Q

What are amino acids made from?

A

An amine group
A Carboxyl group
A variable ‘R’ group
A hydrogen

24
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

25
Q

What makes amino acids different from eachother?

A

The R group

26
Q

What is the bond that joins two amino acids together?

A

A peptide bond

27
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

Two amino acids joined by a peptide bond

28
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

3 or more amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

29
Q

What are the different structures of a protein?

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

30
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids in the protein

31
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

The shape of the amino acid
Can either be an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet (determined by hydrogen bonding)

32
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

The 3D shape of the protein
Either fibrous or globular

33
Q

What is a globular protein & an example?

A

A spherical protein that is soluble in water & usually takes a metabolic role in the body

Haemoglobin -> water soluble globular protein consisting of 2 alpha helices & beta pleated sheets that each contain a haem group (prosthetic group) -> carries oxygen around the body

34
Q

What are fibrous proteins and what is an example of one?

A

Thin & long proteins that usually have structural roles in the body

Collagen -> fibrous protein that is strong & found in bones, cartilage & connective tissue & the main component of tendons

35
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

When a protein has multiple polypeptide chains & is held together by hydrogen bonding, disulphide links or ionic bonds
Can also contain prosthetic groups (E.g. in haemoglobin)

36
Q

What is the reaction that synthesises the formation of a peptide bond?

A

Condensation reaction

37
Q

What is the name of the reaction that synthesises the breakdown of a polypeptide into amino acids?

A

Hydrolysis reaction

38
Q

What does a hydrolysis reaction need?

A

Water

39
Q

What does a condensation reaction release?

A

Water molecule

40
Q

What are lipids only soluble in?

A

Organic solvents e.g. alcohol

41
Q

What are the 2 types of lipid?

A

Saturated & unsaturated

42
Q

What is a saturated lipid & where would they be found?

A

Found in animal fats
A lipid that doesn’t contain double carbon bonds

43
Q

What is an unsaturated lipid and where is it found?

A

Found in plants
Contains double carbon bonds (Kinked)

44
Q

What are tryglycerides?

A

Lipid molecules that contain 1 molecule of glycerol & 3 fatty acid molecules

45
Q

What bonds join triglycerides together & in what reaction?

A

Ester bonds in a condensation reaction

A Level Biology (18 decks)

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